tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77004417124181771522024-03-18T21:14:09.003-07:00DEBATE IS A WAR BUT YOUR WEAPONS ARE WORDSIT IS A BLOOD SPORT SO YOU MUST DESTROY YOUR OPPONENT.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-8171487233344455402011-08-10T18:44:00.001-07:002011-08-10T18:44:57.869-07:001st WINNER OF UPH DEBATE COMPETITION<h6 class="uiStreamMessage"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px; text-align: left;font-family:'lucida grande',tahoma,verdana,arial,sans-serif;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Congratulation for Team SMAN 2 Surabaya A</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>
<br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/vita.kartika" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Vita Kartika</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">,</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/noinoanoe" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Aldila Irsyad Noi</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">,</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/johan.wilmar" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Johan Wilmar</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>
<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">as the 1st winner of</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">UPH debate competition.</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Good job also for Class X team of team SMADA B for reaching quarter final in your 1st</span> <span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">competition:</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/linda.m.jannah" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Linda Miftahul Jannah</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">,</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/irfanoradiant.pbers" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Irfano Radiant Iqbal</a><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">,</span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000119154235" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Itqon Askary</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">, remember you lost not because of your bad skill but because of your bad luck of getting bad adju (dosen)..hehe..:P</span>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">For the other class X debaters who lost in the first round,</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/navilah" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Navilah Basyrewan</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;">,</span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001677518073" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Vierha Thyara</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;">,</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/fathurrozi.w.zulkarnain" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Fathurrozi Wali Zulkarnain</a><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;">,</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;" class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000277251667" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(255, 255, 51); text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;">Fahriza Prima</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">that's a pretty good job for a beginner..:) and thanks a bunch for <span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">Achmad Hanif n Wira Agung Swadana</span> for helping the beginner</span></span></span></span></h6>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-87138348457659520402011-06-14T21:21:00.001-07:002011-07-16T02:10:53.701-07:00WELCOME TO SMADA IDEA<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVxtKFeug2bk73KxKHSQOzHK2gEL4g1hMeHPbvXTdr6RsThYqSwmNbyFb0RrPYTjVQyAiX2tde5mUmhANE0Hw7B4Z7PUYdyWIEu65Ka01fZZkP1jPE1zM4O1FMiQFzsSQqaaHKdSQU9iw/s1600/debate+is+war+but+your+weapons+are+words-hitam.jpg"></a>
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Welcome to SMADA IDEA blog </span>
<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />Where you can get all of information about English Debate Activity, Debate websites links, Debate videos links, all you need to learn more about English Debate skills.
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Our Practice Schedule (flexible):</span>
<br />Day : Sunday (or Saturday)
<br />Time : 08.00-12.00 (or 'till finish)
<br />Place : DPR SMADA or Magnet Zone or Grandcity Mall Foodcourt
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<br />It would be just <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">so ironic</span> if you have high grade for English in your National Examination report but you <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">can't speak in English nor even have any confidence to speak in English</span> to other people.
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<br />SMADA IDEA is undeniable, the only place in SMADA where you can <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">prove </span>that you are indeed an <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">RSBI (International School) student</span>.
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<br /><span class="text_exposed_show">You will be also to have <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">bigger chance</span> to be chosen by diknas and school to join every selection for <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Student Exchange Program to abroad</span>.</span>
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<br />In SMADA IDEA, you are going to be changed from a person who is too scared to speak in English, <span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">into a person who will make other person too scared to talk to you in English</span>.
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<br />Because in SMADA IDEA....
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">DEBATE IS WAR BUT YOUR WEAPONS ARE WORDS..!
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Option to order SMADA IDEA T-SHIRT:</span>
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnYwPYQS7GaTBeSNb9c3wFKrT79y3ekxgtt_SgsdWgnj2pqbx9tdRru4XKicseiYlx7nJ9-XuxrTTYvHTJHOexZtfVSlUKbpm8P_ewL3i45nFuc2h1njg00F3zSikpqOAyYarhYV2ilY/s1600/Debate+is+a+war+but+your+weapons+are+words-white+tshirt.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 395px; height: 642px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJnYwPYQS7GaTBeSNb9c3wFKrT79y3ekxgtt_SgsdWgnj2pqbx9tdRru4XKicseiYlx7nJ9-XuxrTTYvHTJHOexZtfVSlUKbpm8P_ewL3i45nFuc2h1njg00F3zSikpqOAyYarhYV2ilY/s400/Debate+is+a+war+but+your+weapons+are+words-white+tshirt.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5618308502496488050" border="0" /></a>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">......................................................</span>
<br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">......................................................</span>
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">(</span><span><span style="font-style: italic;">the design is availabe in white or black color, while the color of the t-shirt is up to you</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">)
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">1) You can order to only print the design of SMADA IDEA T-Shirt by using your own t-shirt</span></span>
<br />(<span style="font-style: italic;">so you don't need to buy the T-shirt, you just give your own t-shirt to be digitally printed</span>)
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Digital Printing Fee</span>
<br />White T-shirt: IDR 40.000
<br />Other color: IDR 50.000
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">2) Or if money is not a big deal for you, you can order to print the design plus buy the T-Shirt.</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">
<br />Prices of T-Shirt based on Size:</span>
<br />(<span style="font-style: italic;">the price can be changed anytime based on market price fluctuation</span>)
<br />S: IDR 30.000
<br />M: IDR 35.000
<br />L: IDR 40.000
<br />XL: IDR 45.000
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">For further info, you may Contact: Mas Teguh 0856.4808.2021 </span>
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51); font-weight: bold;">The List of SMADA IDEA Achievements:</span>
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<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Best Speaker & Octo finalist of SODE (Surabaya Open Debate Event) 2011
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">14-15 May 2011</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">2<sup>nd</sup> place of HSC FIB UNAIR 2011
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">22-24 April 2011</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">2<sup>nd</sup> place of SEDAN STIKOM 2011</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">9-10 April 2011</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo & Quarter finalist of SMASH Open Debate 2011 in SMAN 1 Sidoarjo</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">19-20 March 2011</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo & Quarter finalist of HILITE East Java Debate Competition in FISIP UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" lang="EN-GB">28 February 2011 <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>:</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">3<sup>rd</sup> Place & Quarter finalist of BET, East Java-Bali Debate in<span style=""> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB">UNIBRAW Malang</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CTOSHIB%7E1.TOS%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">8-</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">10 November 2010: </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">5<sup>th</sup> Best Speaker of East Java NSDC 2010</span></p> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CTOSHIB%7E1.TOS%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">6-7 Nov 2010: </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo finalist of East Java Debate Competition in UNESA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">29-30 May 2010 </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> Place & Octo finalist of Smada Open Debate Event in SMAN 2 Surabaya</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">8 May 2010 </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place of East Java Simulasi Sidang ASEAN by Departemen Luar Negeri</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">1-2 May 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place of UWIKA Debate Competition in UWIKA</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">24-25 April 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">3<sup>rd</sup> place of SEDAN Debate Competition in STIKOM</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">20-21 March 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">2<sup>nd</sup> place of East Java News Reading Competition in FIB Unair</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">20-21 March 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo finalist of East Java Debate Competition in FIB Unair</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">6-7 March 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Quarter finalist of East Java Debate Competition in FISIP Unair</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">13-14 February 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo finalist of East Java-Bali Debate Competition in Unibraw Malang</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">6-7 February 2010</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">2<sup>nd</sup> place of <st2:street st="on"><st2:address st="on">Alsa Court</st2:address></st2:street> like Debate Championship in FH Unair</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">12-13 December 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">5<sup>th</sup> place of Surabaya English Debate Open Tournament in SMAN 9 Surabaya</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">24-25 November 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place of<span style=""> </span>East Java-Indonesia School Debating Championship in Diknas Jatim</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">21-22 August 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">2<sup>nd</sup> place of UPH English Debating Competition in Universitas Pelita Harapan</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">11-13 June 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place of Hybrid Debating Competition in Diknas Propinsi Jatim</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">17 May 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place of EF English Olympic Competition that held by East Java English First</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">12-19 March 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">14<sup>th</sup> place of National Indonesia</span> <span lang="EN-GB">School English Debating Competition in Jakarta</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>(National selection for International World School Debate Championship in <st2:country-region st="on"><st2:place st="on">Qatar</st2:place></st2:country-region>)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 114pt; text-indent: -114pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">14-15 March 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 114pt; text-indent: -114pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="">4<sup>th</sup> place, Octo Finalist and The Best Speaker of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java English Debating </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 114pt; text-indent: -6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>Competition in SASING UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 114pt; text-indent: -6pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">7-8 February 2009</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">4<sup>th</sup> place and Octo Finalist of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java English Debating Competition in Poltek ITS</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">13-14 December 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">1<sup>st</sup> place and Octo Finalist of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java English Debating Competition in FH UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">22</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> November 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">1<sup>st</sup> place of KELT English competition in Sheraton Hotel, in speaking category.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">15 November 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> place of East Java Management English Fun Fair in FE UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">03-05 November 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">10 Finalist of </span><st2:place st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span></st2:place><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">English Speech Competition in FBS UNESA</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">01-02 November 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Octo Finalist of </span><st2:place st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span></st2:place><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">English Debating Competition in FBS UNESA</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">30-31 October 2008</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">:</span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">1<sup>st</sup> place of East Java English Debating Competition in Diknas Propinsi Jatim </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>(Provincial ISDC selection for National ISDC selection in <st2:city st="on"><st2:place st="on">Jakarta</st2:place></st2:city>)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">19 December 2007</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">1<sup>st</sup> place of East Java Management English Fun Fair in FE UNAIR
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">24 November 2007</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">3<sup>rd</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> place and The Best Speaker of East Java English Debating Competition in <span style=""> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span>FH UNAIR.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">10 November 2007</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Octo Finalist of <st2:place st="on">East Java</st2:place> English Debating Competition in FBS UNESA.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">1 </span><st1:data style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" language="0" startpos="126" context="Untuk mengikuti KELT English Competition antar SMA Se-Surabaya dan Sidoarjo, yang diselenggarakan pada hari Sabtu, tanggal 1 September 2007, pukul 10.00 WIB s/d selesai di TV Edukasi. Jl.Gentengkali 33 Surabaya." st="on">September</st1:data><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> 2007</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">1<sup>st</sup> place of KELT English competition in Sheraton Hotel, in listening category.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">22 July 2007</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">Quarter Finalist of East Java English Debating Competition in TV Education
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span lang="EN-GB"><span style=""> </span></span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">23 December 2006</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">10 Finalist <st1:data language="0" startpos="36" context="23 Desember 2006 : Top ten Final of ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????in English Speech Competition held by Dispora JATIM" st="on">of</st1:data> 95 <st1:data language="0" startpos="42" context="23 Desember 2006 : Top ten Final of 95 contestants ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????in English Speech Competition held by Dispora JATIM" st="on">contestants</st1:data> in</span> <span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><st1:data language="0" startpos="39" context="23 Desember 2006 : Top ten Final in English Speech Competition held by Dispora JATIM" st="on"><span lang="EN-GB">English</span></st1:data><span lang="EN-GB"> <st1:data language="0" startpos="30" context="23 Desember 2006 : English Speech Competition" st="on">Speech</st1:data> <st1:data language="0" startpos="37" context="23 Desember 2006 : English Speech Competition ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????" st="on">Competition</st1:data> in Dispora .</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-GB">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">08 December 2006</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">- 3<sup>rd</sup> <st1:data language="0" startpos="39" context="08 Desember 2006 : Won the 3rd place in Management English Fun Fair held by FE UNAIR" st="on">place</st1:data> of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">Management <st1:data language="0" startpos="59" context="08 Desember 2006 : Won the 3rd place in Management English Fun Fair held by FE UNAIR" st="on">English</st1:data> <st1:data language="0" startpos="67" context="08 Desember 2006 : Won the 3rd place in Management English Fun Fair held by FE UNAIR" st="on">Fun</st1:data> <st1:data language="0" startpos="71" context="08 Desember 2006 : Won the 3rd place in Management English Fun Fair held by FE UNAIR" st="on">Fair</st1:data> in <st1:data language="0" startpos="84" context="08 Desember 2006 : Won the 3rd place in Management English Fun Fair held by FE UNAIR" st="on">FE</st1:data> UNAIR</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">- 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> place of 46 teams of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">Management English Fun Fair in FE UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">19 November 2006</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">10<sup>th</sup> place of 30 teams of </span><span lang="EN-GB">East Java</span><span style="" lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="">English Debating Competition in FH UNAIR</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">04 February 2006</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">3<sup>rd</sup> place of English Bulletin Competition held by UK Petra in TP</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">18 January 2006</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">: </span><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="">Quarter Finalist of English Debating <st1:data context="18 Januari 2006 : Semifinal in English Debate Competition held by Indonesia Europe University" startpos="49" language="0" st="on">Competition</st1:data> in <st1:data context="18 Januari 2006 : Semifinal in English Debate Competition held by Indonesia Europe University" startpos="69" language="0" st="on">Indonesia</st1:data> Europe <st1:data context="18 Januari 2006 : Semifinal in English Debate Competition held by Indonesia Europe University" startpos="86" language="0" st="on">University</st1:data><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-64021753007290694622011-06-14T21:20:00.001-07:002011-06-17T17:27:33.412-07:00DEBATE COMPETITION SITES<a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/indodebaters/messages"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 51);">INDODEBATERS</span></a><br /><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/indodebaters/messages">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/indodebaters/messages</a><br />In this site you will get all of info about (past, current, and up coming) high schools/universities debating competition events in all over Indonesia.<br /><br /><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SCuD/messages"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">SCUD (Surabaya Community of Debating)</span></a><br /><a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SCuD/messages">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SCuD/messages</a><br />In this site you will get all of info about (past, current, and up coming) high schools/universities debating competition events in East Java.<br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/#%21/smada.idea"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">FACEBOOK OF SMADA IDEA</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/#%21/smada.idea">http://www.facebook.com/#!/smada.idea</a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);"><a href="http://surabayacommunityofdebating.blogspot.com">SCUD (Surabaya Community of Debating) Website</a><br /></span><a href="http://surabayacommunityofdebating.blogspot.com">http://surabayacommunityofdebating.blogspot.com</a><br />All about Surabaya Community of Debating<br /><br /><a href="http://pigtales-can-debate.blogspot.com/"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">Debate Indonesia Website</span></a><br /><a href="http://pigtales-can-debate.blogspot.com/">http://pigtales-can-debate.blogspot.com/</a><br />The Updatest information on every Debating competition News in Indonesia and abroad<br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);" href="http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=115550601811330"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">FACEBOOK OF </span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">SCUD (Surabaya Community of Debating)</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/#%21/smada.idea">http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=115550601811330</a><br /><br /><a style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);" href="https://twitter.com/#%21/search/debatergombal"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Debater Gombal Twitter</span></a><br /><a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/search/debatergombal">https://twitter.com/#!/search/debatergombal</a><br />This is the way how a debater say "I LOVE YOU"<br /><br /><a href="http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia%21"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">DEPATEPEDIA</span></a><br /><a href="http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia%21">http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Welcome_to_Debatepedia!</a><br />As the name implies, this is the wikipedia for debater. The "holly book" of every newbie & intermediate debater. A should reading website for every debater.<br /><br /><a href="http://pembawaberkah.blogspot.com/2009/06/alsa-2009-day-5.html"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">Pembawa Berkah</span></a><br /><a href="http://pembawaberkah.blogspot.com/2009/06/alsa-2009-day-5.html">http://pembawaberkah.blogspot.com/2009/06/alsa-2009-day-5.html</a><br />a funny & hillarious personal blog of a debater named Safira Lazuardi, who was once a senior high debater in Borneo and now is a debater of ITB Bandung. From this blog, you'll get a picture how debate competition looks like. You'll enjoy reading this blog.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-30698382962626490672011-06-14T21:19:00.002-07:002011-06-14T21:20:18.967-07:00LEARN ABOUT DEBATE RULES<p>The detail rules of Debating that can be downloaded:<br /></p><p><a href="http://wiki.idebate.org/index.php/Portal:Asian_Parliamentary_Debate"><strong></strong></a><a><span><strong></strong></span></a><span><strong><a href="http://wiki.idebate.org/index.php/Portal:Asian_Parliamentary_Debate"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Asian_Parliamentary_Debate</span></a></strong></span></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><a style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);" href="http://flynn.debating.net/colmmain_tut.htm">Debating Tutorials</a><br /></span></strong></p><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/9911278/GuidelinesforDebaters.doc.html"><strong></strong></a><a><strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/9911278/GuidelinesforDebaters.doc.html"><strong></strong></a><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/9911278/GuidelinesforDebaters.doc.html"><strong>Guideline for Debaters</strong></a></p><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/9911276/GuidelinesforAdjudicators.doc.html"><strong>Guideline for Adjudicators</strong></a></p><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/9911277/Casebuildingexamples.doc.html">Case Building Examples</a></strong>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-28503729431848795992011-06-14T21:19:00.001-07:002011-06-17T17:03:10.743-07:00DOWNLOAD DEBATE VIDEOS<p>Use this link to help you download the videos:<br /></p><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><a href="http://file2hd.com/Default.aspx">http://file2hd.com/Default.aspx</a></p><p><br /></p><p>You can download the videos here:</p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6208103819052596415#">WSDC (World SchoolDebating Championship) 2008 New Zealand vs Indonesia</a><br /></span></strong></p><strong><a href="http://debatevideoblog.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);">http://debatevideoblog.blogspot.com/</span></a><br /><br /></strong><u><b><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 255, 51);">NEWEST UPDATE OF DEBATE VIDEOS:</span></b></u><br /><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=alsa+ui+2011&aq=0">Semi Final Varsity Level of ALSA UI E-Comp 2011</a><br />http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=alsa+ui+2011&aq=0<br />Semi Final Varsity Level of ALSA UI E-Comp 2011<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Motion: THBT War Journalist Should Be Forced To Reveal Their Sources To International Criminal Tribunal</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ALSA LC UNDIP vs EDS UI A</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=EDS+UI+A+vs+BIPEDS&aq=f"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Grand Final Varsity Level of ALSA UI E-Comp 2011</span></a><br />http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=EDS+UI+A+vs+BIPEDS&aq=f<br />Grand Final Varsity Level of ALSA UI E-Comp 2011.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Motion: THW Allow Consensual Cannibalism</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> EDS UI A vs BIPEDS</span><br /><br /><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Founders+Trophy+Final&aq=f%20">FOUNDERS TROPHY 2010:</a></b><br />http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Founders+Trophy+Final&aq=f<br />Grand Final Founders Trophy 2010 -<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">THW never promote democracy by means of war - </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> OG: UNDIP A, OO: SMA 34 Alumni, </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> CG: BIPEDS, CO: HMHI UI</span><br /><br /><b><a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=NUEDC+Kop+3&aq=f">NUEDC Kopertis wilayah 3 2011: </a></b><br />http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=NUEDC+Kop+3&aq=f<br />NUEDC Kopertis 3 - Round 2<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Motion: THBT Indonesia should implement its own National Security Act</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Match-up: UI (OG) v Bakrie (OO) v BIPEDS (CG) v STBA LIA (CO) </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-22223092201927675632009-12-08T00:32:00.000-08:002009-12-08T00:52:42.125-08:00THBT trade and investment in Africa are more critical than inter-nation aid to overcome poverty<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF33;">I. Debate Analysis: Definition Problem</span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Case Study: UIIA VS UNNES (Quarter Final IVED 10 Purwokerto)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Motion</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">: </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:18.0pt;">THBT trade and investment in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> are more critical than inter-nation aid to overcome poverty</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3333FF;">1</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3333FF;">st</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3333FF;"> Affirmative:</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">We define trade and investment as trade and investment in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> to increase industry and manufacture for a better development, whereas inter-nation aid in here would mean as Government to Goverment aid or G to G. The condition in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> with the abundant resources and cheap human resources is an ideal place for investments in industries and more critically, to fight poverty. Poverty is the main problem in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> and is ravaging countries and provinces in the continent. The solutions provided in this debate must first face this problem before proven to its effectivity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">I as the first speaker will explain about the nature of the trade and investment while the second speaker will explain regarding the future implications. Our house believes that the only way to stop this illness is through sustainabiliy in development through investment in manufacture and industries. To make this even more possible, we propose for a reduce in tariffs for African-based products to allow competitiveness in the international free trade. When the products are participating in the free market, then the sustainability of African industries in ensured, especially with the reduce in tariffs. Through the investment, made possible by the existing resources, employment will cherish and the number of Gross Per Capita Income would increase in line with the increasing industries and manufacture. In the end, poverty will slowly be eradicated with the increase of employment through industries made possible by the trade and investmets.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;">1</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;">st</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;"> Negative:</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The Affirmative is neglecting what is currently happening in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> which makes it impossible for their proposal. As we can see, the current fundamental problem in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> right now as we speak is basic neccesities issue, in which basic fundamental neccesities such as food, health and shelters are very much lacking. This is the urgent problem which needs to be solved before any investments can come in and only possible from the inter-nation aid, due to the urgent nature. People in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> are afflicted with HIV and AIDS and are in poor condition to be able to do any work even if provided with investments. This condition can only be cured with the presence of inter-nation aid, since these people are not in any condition to generate income by themselves. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">I as the first speaker will explain regarding the severity of the basic neccesity problem while the second speaker will elaborate further regarding the the impact of this basic neccesity issue to the African people. Ladies and gentlemen, the condition in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> right now is very poor and even less than basic. The people are lacking food, health and shelters and are dependent to the international aid to support their life. They are not in any condition to work or to create jobs because of these issues. Before any progress can happen, first the basic neccesity issues must be answered first to solve current critical condition that defines African people. As long as the African people are still facing the basic neccesities problem, then it is impossible for them to develop further. That is why we believe that aid is the best solution for facing the basic neccesities problem.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">2</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">nd</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;"> Affirmative</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">The conditions explained by the house of the negative explains regarding what we call as livelihood issues which comprise of the matters as they have provided; food, health and shelters. However, the livelihood issues are the issues handled by NGOes or Non Govermental Organizations, and thus cannot be considered as G-to-G aid as we have stated before. These livelihood issues do not fall into the responsibility of G-to-G aid, since there are already institutions such as the NGOes that handle it. NGOes such as the Red Cross and UNDP handles with these livelihood issues since it falls in their job description, yet however, it is simply not the nature of G-to-G aid. Therefore, until this moment, negative side of the house has failed to defend G-to-G aid. Furthermore, the negative also has failed to answer our point regarding sustainability. If they believe in international aid so much, then the question is how sustainable it is for the African countries until they can be independent from the aids. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Now I am going to explain my share of the case, which is the future implication of trade and investment in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> for the African people. Ladies and gentlemen, the presence of investors to support trade in industries and manufactures would boost public service in Africa such as better seaports and airports since it is inherently needed by the investors to commute back and forth to <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place>. This development would not only bring betterment to the Afrtican countries, but also to the African people, since the process of development would absorb employees and thus creating sustainability for income for the African people. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;">2</span><sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;">nd</span></sup><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CC33CC;"> Negative</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Ladies and gentlemen, again and again the government is neglecting the critical issue in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> as we speak which is the lack of basic neccesities for the African people. They still havent answered the question of the impossibility of development with the presence of the sick and hungry people, as we have underlined that the people are just to hungry and sick to work. That is why seaports and airports cannot be built and investments in any form in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> cannot occur until this point regarding the lack of basic neccesities is answered.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Ladies and gentlemen, now please allow me to launch into my split. As my first speaker has stated to us all that Africans are inherently poor and infested with HIV. This damages the country’s existing human resources and would only impede growth and development unless this problem is solved first. Due to their urgent nature, trade and investment is not quick enough to answer this problem, and only aid from international countries can be considered as effective enough to anwer this issue. Trade and investment cannot answer hunger and health issues, ladies and gentlemen. Only international aid is quick enough to provide a fast response for the demmanding Africans. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF33;">II. Discussion Group </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Question 1: Which house has the upper hand in the debate? What is the main reason of your verdict? (if possible with margin range)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Question 2: What is the main issue needed to be supported by both teams’ proposal? Have any of the houses managed to provide sufficient defence? <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Question 3: Has the background of African countries elaborated clearly by any of the houses? Why has this become a severe problem in this debate?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Question 4:<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>In your opinion, how to improve the quality of the debate?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF33;">III. Assesment (Coach Only)</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">One of the main problems of the debate is the insufficient matters in form of the current condition in </span><st1:place st="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">Africa</span></st1:place>. The Affirmative team did not explain this point, while it is neccesary to justify their points of how come trade and investment can really penetrate and solve poverty amidst this inherent problematic current condition. The negative only stated the problem produced from the basic neccesities without touching other significant problems, which may very well be the underlying reason of the basic neccesities problem and thus made it impossible for trade and investment to occur. One side of the house shouldve mentioned the war and security issues in Africa which is one of the key factor of the basic neccesities problem and also hinder investment, such as the Moslem insurgency in <st1:country-region st="on">Somalia</st1:country-region>, Tribal war in <st1:country-region st="on">Uganda</st1:country-region>, war between <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Ethiopia</st1:country-region></st1:place> and Erithreia, etcs. Other factor is clean governance, corruption level is very high in African countries in which many of the money was dislocated to purchase arms or to support specific political parties. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">The second problem is the lack of definition regarding G-to-G aid which trapped the negative side case into livelihood programs commonly conducted by NGOs</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">. It is quite unfortunate that this point was not addressed properly and clarified by the negative side. Livelihood is not the matter exclusively only for NGOes. Government can also dwell in livelihood issues as a form of foreign aid, through in most cases the aid is given to specific implementing agencies to ensure good result. These implementing agencies are called IGO (International Govermental Organization), such as <st1:city st="on">USAID</st1:city>, <st1:country-region st="on">US</st1:country-region> Red Cross and Americare from <st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region>, AUSAID from <st1:country-region st="on">Australia</st1:country-region>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Turkish</st1:city> Red Crescent, <st1:country-region st="on">France</st1:country-region></st1:place> Red Cross, etcs. Two or more government can form an alliance to provide aid, and this is called TGO (Trans-Governmental Organization), most of which included in the United Nations, such as WHO, ILO, UNDP, UNICEF, etcs. So basically, with enough reading, both sides should’ve known that Government usually offers aid to other countries through an implementing agency to ensure good result, and this point has failed to be elaborated by the government in their definition and failed to be clarified by the negative team also.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">The third problem is the clarification issue through proper linking. None of the house actually explained ow each of their proposals might solve poverty</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">. Affirmative team never explained the process from having trade and investment to poverty eradication while facing the basic neccesities issue in the same time. Negative also never explained how come aid might solve basic neccesities issue and thus solve poverty problem. The theme lines from both sides are both untouched and unproven in the same time. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">The fourth problem is elaboration issue. Clearly, the elaboration was very poor in this debate in which A-R-E-L was not fully implemented in the arguments</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">. Affirmative team may have asserted that trade and investment through free market may provide betterment, yet they did not exlpain the process how how trade and investment can really absorb employment amidst war, corruption, health and education issues and how come trade and investment can be conducted in an area with no sufficient economic foundation which in the end may be worthy of fighting poverty. The reality aspect from the affirmative team’s argument was very much neglected. Whereas for the negative team, their team was too persistent in defending basic neccesities issue without properly elaborating what is the cause of basic neccesities issue and how come basic neccesities is that urgent to be solved first and how come it should be separated from trade and investment. Negative also should have explained that trade and investment is impossible without fixing the current urgent problems first through international aid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#33CC00;">The fifth problem and the one with the most weigh, which finally determines the winner of this round, is response issue</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">. The negative team clearly did not support G-to-G, but rather, jumped into basic neccesities issue without explaining the logical link. Not only that, they have also failed to provide sufficient response to the point of sustainability, and also the affirmative’s proposal regarding opening <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> for free market. The affrimative team, however, has also failed to address current issue in <st1:place st="on">Africa</st1:place> and jumped straight into the solution without explaining what is being solved by the solution. When the negative pointed out regarding basic neccesities issue, there wasn’t sufficient response from the affirmative toward this point.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">*Suggestion for coaches:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">- Provide the debaters with link to sources that may help improve the debate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">- Make an example for each point in the assesment, especially for the elaboration point.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">- The margin for the debate is 1-3 margins for the affirmative team.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF33;">IV. Working Group</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Task I : Find related matter(s) that may help improving the debate!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Task II: Strategize the debate better by analyzing the discussed points in this module and incorporate all of the discussed points into a better speech under the same motion!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Task III: Have a new and improved debate under the same motion!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Task IV (Coach only): Assess the debate and determine participant’s perception of the previously discussed points. Provide constructive criticism!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"></span></p><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b><span lang="EN-GB">Taken from</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; "><b><span lang="EN-GB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFF33;"><a href="http://anomali.or.id/modules.html">http://anomali.or.id/modules.html</a></span></span></b></p></span><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-33442495937191390682008-04-14T22:30:00.000-07:002008-04-14T22:34:38.872-07:00THE SECRET ABOUT EFFECTIVE RESEARCH<strong>KEEP UP WITH THE NEWS</strong><br /><strong>Why?</strong><br />- Gives you an idea of what topics are likely to come up at the tournaments.<br />- Gives you some background/context of current topics.<br />- Gives you some ideas of possible pro and cons arguments.<br /><strong>How?</strong><br />- Read magazines and newspapers. Read several together to get different views!<br />- TV and radio. Especially shows like Today’s dialogue, etc.<br />- Discuss. People are a great source of ideas and information.<br /><br /><strong>THE SECRET ABOUT EFFECTIVE RESEARCH</strong><br /><strong>What to do before research?</strong><br />- Ideally, you should already have some knowledge about the topic. This is why you need to keep up with the news!<br />- READ! Focus on understanding:<br /> * The controversy (pro/cons)<br /> * Theories/concepts related to the topic.<br />- Brainstorm for arguments.<br />- KNOW what data/facts/examples you need to support your arguments.<br /><strong>The secret</strong><br />- Focus on getting supporting data/facts/examples that you need!<br />- Always update your data/facts!. Especially for on going political turmoil. The situation 3 days ago may be drasticallydifferent to the situation today.<br />- When coming across facts, think of how they can be used in a debate. Possibly add to your arguments.<br />- To observe a ‘trend’, read stuff published throughout a period of time.<br /><br /><strong>What to do after research?</strong><br />- Make a matter file for each topic!<br />- Compile your data/facts/arguments.<br />- Write down your arguments, and next to it, write down the relevant supporting data/facts/examples.<br />- Don’t just print out and highlight stuff. Not practical to use in a debate!<br /><br /><strong>Sources</strong><br />(<i>these are just examples, plenty more great sources out there!</i>)<br />- Know what you are looking for and where to get them!<br />- Always a good place to start: www.wikipedia.com<br />- Theories and concepts: books, journals, etc.<br />- Currents issue, national and international publications:<br />Kompas.com, MediaIndonesia.com, jawapos.com, detik.com, Jakartapost.com, the economist (www.economist.com), international herald tribune (www.iht.com), the guardian (www.guardian.co.uk), BBC (www.bbs.co.uk).Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-34535231869493455142008-04-14T22:28:00.000-07:002008-04-14T22:30:50.021-07:00What a debater must have1. Able to build crucial intellectual capacities<br /> a. Critical thinking (Not accepting things for granted)<br /> b. Logic<br />2. Effective communication<br />3. Fluency and articulateness<br />4. Confidence<br />5. Fast-thinking<br />6. Open-mindednessUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-4425107489923939612008-04-01T05:25:00.000-07:002008-04-01T05:27:15.297-07:00GUIDELINES FOR ADJUDICATORS<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1028" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:3;" from="429.8pt,-4.2pt" to="429.8pt,685.1pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 3;"><span style="position: absolute; left: 572px; top: -7px; width: 2px; height: 921px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1028" height="921" width="2" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1029" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:x;" from="-10.9pt,-4.2pt" to="429.8pt,-4.2pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 4;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -7px; width: 590px; height: 2px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1029" height="2" width="590" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;" allowincell="f" fillcolor="window"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Guest\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\16\clip_image003.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -3; left: 0px; margin-left: 483px; margin-top: 0px; width: 82px; height: 145px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" height="145" width="82" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">English Debating Society<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">Universitas <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">(EDS UI)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="border-style: double none; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 4.5pt medium; padding: 1pt 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none ; margin: 210pt 0in; padding: 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;">Guidelines for Adjudicators<br /></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;">(Australasian Parliamentary)</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">Universitas <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">Depok<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">1998</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <div style="border: 2pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:261.45pt;" allowincell="f" fillcolor="window"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Guest\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\16\clip_image003.png" title="" chromakey="white" gain="19661f" blacklevel="22938f"> <w:anchorlock/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -4; left: 0px; margin-left: 348px; margin-top: 232px; width: 242px; height: 421px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image005.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026" height="421" width="242" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps;">Table of Contents<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <p class="MsoToc1"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"> </span>TOC \o "1-2" \n 2-2 <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->Introduction<span style="">................................................................................................................ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823362 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Assessing Matter<span style="">......................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823363 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">Use of examples and references to experts</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Invalid cases</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Hung cases</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Distinguishing Matter from Manner and Method</p> <p class="MsoToc2">New Matter from third negative</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Humorous arguments</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Assessing Method<span style="">........................................................................................................ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823364 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">Method of an individual speech</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Over-time and under-time speeches</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Method of the team</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Response to the dynamics of the debate</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Assessing Manner<span style="">........................................................................................................ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823365 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">The elements of manner</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Other Issues<span style="">.................................................................................................................. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823366 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">Definition rules</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Competing definitions</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Rebuttal</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Reply speeches</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Misrepresentations</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Team slides</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Ties</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Marking Scale<span style="">.............................................................................................................. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823367 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">Substantive speeches</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Reply speeches</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Conclusion<span style="">................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424823368 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->11<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800320033003300360038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823362">Introduction</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText">The assessment made of any debate is inherently a subjective exercise. The adjudicator forms a personal judgment regarding the argument, style, organization and impact of a debate, which in many cases, could differ from that of another adjudicator’s. The main objective in providing these guidelines is to ensure, as much as is possible, that the adjudicators make judgments within a framework of procedural rules and guidelines that direct attention to specific issues and thus help limit subjectivity.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The adjudicator’s role is crucial in the discipline of debating – with the divine responsibility of sitting in judgment upon the efforts of debaters. As in any other competitive activity, a thorough understanding of the rules is a prerequisite for the referee and ensuring that these rules are consistently interpreted and applied becomes a critical aspect of the competition.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">In assessing debate, you have to adopt the role of an <i style="">average reasonable person</i> with an <i style="">average reasonable</i> <i style="">knowledge</i> of the <i style="">subject under debate</i> but with <i style="">expert knowledge of the rules of the debate</i>. Debating is an exercise in the skills of persuasion, where the target audience is assumed to be an average cross-section of the community who is open to persuasion. In this context, it is important that the adjudicator’s judgment is not influenced by his or her personal likes and dislikes, prejudices or any other preconceived opinions on issues. There is no denying that each adjudicator carries into the debate an opinion baggage that could be based on personal experiences, expert knowledge of the subject matter, or a set of prejudices. An element of the real test of a debater is, of course, the ability to persuade the adjudicator of the validity of arguments advanced, which may be in contradiction with the adjudicator’s views and perspective on the matter under consideration. But you must be able to eliminate any special or exceptional attitudes which would not be shared by an average group of reasonable people.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The most important thing to realize is that you are sitting in judgment on the relative merits of the two cases that are proposed by the competing teams of the debate, and it is this ability of comparison that assumes importance in adjudication.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">It should be noted that the task of an adjudicator is not to decide whether his or her views coincided with those expressed by one of the teams. The adjudicator has artificial constraints that influence his decision – including the proportional worth of the elements of <b style="">matter</b>, <b style="">manner </b>and <b style="">method</b>, and the weight of each individual speech to the overall case of the team. The adjudicator is assessing a process that consists of every single speech and his final judgment is a function of the contribution of each individual in the debate.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">There are three important functions performed by adjudicators in any debate:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style=""> </span>To decide which team has won the debate,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style=""> </span>To provide an explanation of the reasons for that decision, and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style=""> </span>To provide constructive criticism and advice to the debaters.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The function of deciding which team has won is, of course, the most important function that is played by the adjudicator. In this context, it is very important to note that the decision is made by the adjudicator and not by the marks awarded. In other words, the marks should reflect the adjudicator’s decision; they should not make that decision.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">It is not rare in close debates to find the total marks awarded reflect a different decision from the adjudicator’s impression of the debate and the relative merits and demerits of the two cases under consideration. In such circumstances, you should review the notes of the debate and attempt to identify the cause of this discrepancy. For example, you might realize that your final impression was too heavily dependent on a strong third speech, in which case your decision should be modified to reflect a correct weighing for that speaker’s contribution in the overall context of the debate. Or, you might realize that the marks awarded to a particular debater’s speech does not reflect his true contribution to the advancement of his case. What is important to note is that the marks and the adjudicator’s decision should be consistent and it is the final decision should be consistent and it is the final decision of the adjudicator that determines the outcome of the debate.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Debaters are entitled to know the basis of any judgment and you, as an adjudicator, have the obligation to explain your decision and offer constructive criticism. What should be highlighted in such discussion should be critical differences between the two teams and no attempt should be made to replay the whole debate. Adjudicators should also be careful of getting drawn into a further debate with the team members as to the merits of the judgment. While explaining the reasons for the decision, you should be specific in weighing the relative merits of the cases and the important elements of the cases that were crucial in determining your verdict. These issues will be handled in detail later when assessment of the debates are discussed in terms of matter, manner and method.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">It should be remembered that the level of explanation provided should be tailored to the experience of the debaters. Very experienced speakers are likely to be concerned with the interaction of argument and the structure of team cases; novices are likely to wish to receive more detailed comment on speaking style, merging into the ‘constructive criticism’ discussed below.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Not every individual has the ability to inspire and motivate. But all adjudicators do have a tremendous responsibility in ensuring that their judgment and criticism and advice that they give perform an educational function in debating. Sound advice from good adjudicators make substantial differences to debating careers. As pointed out earlier, the nature of advice offered should vary with the experience of the debaters. Criticism should invariably be delivered in constructive terms. To a novice speaker for whom the debate itself may have been a traumatic event, there is a world of difference between "The things that you did badly were..." and "The ways in which to improve your debating are...". No adjudication should be scathing, sarcastic or derogatory. You have an obligation to be constructive, supportive and encouraging.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823363">Assessing Matter</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">One </span>of the fundamental aspects in assessing matter is that the matter presented by a speaker must be logical and relevant to the topic under debate. Logic is the chain of reasoning used to prove an argument. This involves stating, explaining and illustrating the argument. Relevance is established by tying the argument in to the topic under debate.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">An example that has been used at the Australasian Intervarsity Debating Championship at Monash in 1995 illustrates the point about reasoning of arguments logically. The issue under consideration in the example is <i style="">that cigarette advertising should be banned</i>. The structure to a team’s case could be as follows:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">State an argument in favor of the topic</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: Cigarette advertising should be banned because it entices young people to smoke by making cigarette smoking look like a glamorous activity.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Explain the argument</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: Young people see images of sports heroes and models endorsing smoking. They are insecure and in need of some affirmation, so they turn to cigarettes, assuming they will achieve the happiness they believe the sports heroes and models enjoy. This is how they will get addicted.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Use examples</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: Cigarette companies aggressively advertise in glamorous sports like Formula One. Marlboro spends $50m a year to ensure that McLaren team can have ‘Marlboro’ plastered all over its livery. Their product is seen on the drivers and models that parade around like advertising billboards trying to sell their products, often to kids who are impressionable.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Tie the argument back into the topic</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: So as you can see, cigarette advertising entices young people into smoking by giving them glamorous images to aspire to. Cigarette advertising is therefore dangerous and it should be banned.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Part of your function is to assess the quality of the argument. This requires you to distinguish a strong argument from a weak argument, from the viewpoint of an average reasonable person. A weak argument remains weak whether or not the opposing team points out its weakness. You should not wait to see whether the opposition attacks an argument before judging whether it is weak or strong. Taking on the role of an average reasonable person does not prevent you from being critical and intelligent in your analysis of the matter presented to you.</p> <h2>Use of examples and references to experts</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Properly used, examples are an important aspect of matter. Usually they will be most effective when used to illustrate or bolster an argument that has been constructed already, rather than as the foundation for making an argument. Similarly, authorities cited should only support the argument and not substitute the argument. The fact that an expert holds an opinion holds minor weight in the process of persuasion unless the reasons for that opinion are explained and independently assessed.</p> <h2>Invalid cases</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">An invalid case is where the team does not prove what they are required by the topic to prove. For instance, on the topic <i style="">‘That cigarette advertising should be banned’,</i> if the affirmative team argues that smoking is harmful, they have not addressed the fundamental issue of the debate – cigarette advertising. Such an approach should be penalized heavily.</p> <h2>Hung cases</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Sometimes, the structure of the argument is such that at the end of the first speaker’s case, it is not possible to draw any conclusion. This is known as the ‘hung’ case. It occurs when the first speaker doesn’t affirm or negate the topic in itself. The speech is left ‘hanging’ until the second speaker completes the case. It is neither convincing to rely on another speaker to prove the entire case nor fair to ask a first negative speaker to refute a case that is not complete yet. Therefore such an approach should be penalized in both matter and method. An Australasian example is, when on the topic <i style="">That Capitalism will fail without religion,</i> the first affirmative argued that capitalism will fail and the second speaker argued that capitalism will fail without religion. Here the second speaker was the only speaker to address the topic.</p> <h2>Distinguishing Matter from Manner and Method</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">In matter, you must assess the quality of the arguments irrespective of how well they were organized. In method, you must assess the quality of organization. When assessing matter, it is important to shed all the effects of manner, namely vocal style, use of gesture and quality of oratory. You should understand and maintain this distinction and prevent the same strength or weakness from being double-scored.</p> <h2>New Matter from third negative</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">New matter consists of an entirely new argument that has not been canvassed in the debate before. Fresh evidence to support or further extend an argument is not considered as new matter.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">It is a firm rule of debating that the third opposition speaker in the debate may not introduce any new matter. The purpose of this rule is to prevent unfairness in the debate because an issue raised at this stage does not allow the opposing team to respond to it or comment on it sufficiently. Hence, the final speaker’s argument must be directed to issues that have already been raised in the debate. In general, new matter consists of entirely new issues that have not previously been canvassed in the debate. Introduction of new matter should result in penalties on both matter (as the speaker should be spending time on rebuttal) and method (as the team should have organized and prioritized its argument more effectively). The use of fresh examples to further illustrate an earlier argument or any argument directed to rebuttal of an opposing argument or to defense of the negative case is not new matter. </p> <p class="MsoBodyText">An example of new matter on a topic <i style="">That UN is a waste of space</i> is where the first five speakers have been arguing the effectiveness of the UN as a peace keeper and peacemaker and then the third negative decides to discuss at length the humanitarian arms of the organization.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">In this context, the rule is not so clear about new matter from the third affirmative. It is a matter for discretion, where you should weigh the value of the matter as substantial material against the detriment suffered by the team in not introducing this earlier in the debate and possible time lost in rebuttal.</p> <h2>Humorous arguments</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">There are instances where one team adopts a humorous or ‘send-up’ approach and the other team delivers a perfectly serious debate. In the former, you must assess whether the ‘send-up’ has caused the audience to accept or reject the spirit of high farce which pervades such cases. You should assess the ‘send-up’ in the context of the ‘send-up’ reality. Then this is compared with the quality of argument presented by the opposing team in its own context. The adoption of a humorous line does not relieve the team of the necessity to structure its humorous line in the form of an argument.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823364">Assessing Method</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">Method </span>consists of the effectiveness of the structure and organization of each individual speech, of the team case as a whole and the extent to which the team reacted appropriately to the dynamics of the debate. Each of these three elements will be further elaborated in the following paragraphs.</p> <h2>Method of an individual speech</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">An effectively structured speech will have the following features (neither compulsory nor exhaustive):<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">an interesting opening which captures the attention of the audience or helps it to warm to the speaker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">a reasonably clear statement of the purpose and general direction of<span style=""> </span>the speech<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">a logical sequence of ideas which shows a clear development of the speaker’s argument<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">a proportional allocation of time<span style=""> </span>to the speech as a whole, and to each major point, which enables the objective of the speech to be accomplished<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">a conclusion or summary of the major points made in the speech <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2>Over-time and under-time speeches</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Speakers should quickly finish the point they are making after the time limit and conclude. A small leeway of no more than half a minute may be allowed. Matter delivered after the time limit does not attract matter marks. The speech will incur a severe penalty in method for continuing significantly after the time limit.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">There usually is no penalty for finishing after the first bell but before the time limit (unless the speaker was clearly ‘padding’ the speech in an attempt to make time, without adding anything to the content of the speech). Finishing before the first bell indicates poor organization and usually attracts a method penalty. But this should be assessed with regard to the completeness or paucity of the argument and other aspects of the debate such as whether the opposing team ran a truism and prevented rebuttal.</p> <h2>Method of the team</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">In considering team method, you are assessing whether the team structured its overall approach to maximize its effectiveness and whether the individual speakers adequately fulfilled their part in the team presentation. In general, a ‘thematic’ team structure will be more effective than a structure consisting of a series of independent arguments. The former approach gives the appearance of being a total body of argument while the latter approach represents a series of isolated points without any link or consistent foundation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">The roles played by each speaker in a team presentation are summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">First affirmative speaker</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">define the affirmative’s interpretation of the topic and specify the essential issues in contention<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">give an outline of the team structure, indicating the basic theme of the team’s case and the aspects to be dealt with by each speaker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">deal with those elements of the case allocated<span style=""> </span>to him or her<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">First negative speaker</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">identify the major areas of initial disagreement (including definition issues if appropriate) with the affirmative case up to that time and engage in rebuttal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">give a clear outline of the negative’s team structure <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">deal with those elements allocated to the first speaker<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Second affirmative and negative speakers</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">rebutt opponents’ case and arguments<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">argue in defense of one’s own case against rebuttal by previous speaker <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">deal with those elements of the substantial case allocated to him or her<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Third speakers on both sides</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">present an overview of the debate, rebutting the important aspects of the opposing team’s case and defending one’s own team’s case<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">summarize his or her arguments<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Reply speeches</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">provide an overview that compares and contrasts each team’s views of the central issues of contention in the debate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2>Response to the dynamics of the debate</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">This element of method requires you to assess whether a speaker has reacted appropriately to the strategic requirements of the debate as they emerged. The following are examples of such dynamics:</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">When a negative team has a problem with the affirmative definition, it is important strategically to deal with this at the first negative speech (as well as the second and third) so that the definition does not proceed without dispute until much later.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">A method failure results when a speaker argues a point that has already been conceded (thus failing to acknowledge the concession) or a point that is not being contested or relevant to the debate.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">In administering a method penalty, you should be careful to note the distinction between matter and method. A speaker who commits a strategic error may be given full credit for the quality of the argument in matter, but a penalty will be imposed in method. On the other hand, if a speaker reacts appropriately to the dynamics of the debate, he or she may be rewarded in both method (for identifying the issue) and matter (for convincingly tackling it).</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823365">Assessing Manner</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">Manner </span>is concerned with the mechanics of public speaking and presentation of the debating case. Good manner will enhance the argument; bad manner will distract or detract the audience from the argument. The most important thing to remember when you assess manner is to ask the question “Was it effective?”.</p> <h2>The elements of manner</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Vocal style</b>: Volume of delivery should be audible; enunciation should be clear and plain; pace of delivery should be neither too slow nor too fast; vocal style should have variety and appropriate pauses for relaxation and emphasis; delivery should be reasonably fluent, confident and authoritative (but not arrogant or hectoring)</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Use of language</b>: Speakers should not vary from normal conversational language; they should beware of the use of slang or jargon of some field of specialty unfamiliar to the audience.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Use of notes</b>: Notes should be unobtrusive, small enough to be held in one hand and contain only key words or headlines.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Use of eyes</b>: Debaters should attempt to make eye contact with the audience.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Gesture</b>: Gestures should be natural and appropriate and not laborious or distracting; mannerisms should be avoided.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Stance</b>: Speakers may move around or stand still and you should assess the effectiveness of the stance by whether it aided the argument or distracted you from the argument.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Dress</b>: Dress may only be taken into account in the assessment of manner where it is so incongruous that it affects the credibility of the speaker.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Impression of sincerity</b>: A more sincere approach will make the speaker more believable and effective.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Personal attacks on opponents</b>: Derogatory comments will not be tolerated and will suffer manner penalty as such remarks distracts the audience from the argument and also make the speaker lose the sympathetic ear of the audience; speakers should also not refer to the personal convictions held by opposing debaters.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">Humor</b>: Humor should be appropriate and may even be used at a crucial time in a serious debate.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Adjudicators must note that manner is assessed as the total impact of all its various elements – not as some aggregation of fixed categories according to rigid weightings.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823366">Other Issues</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">Definitions </span>are an important aspect of a debate. They play a large role in determining whether a debate is focused and enjoyable, or waywardly meandering and unclear.</p> <h2>Definition rules</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Definitions must be reasonable. There must be a clear and logical link between the definition and the topic. A negative team may only challenge a definition on the grounds that it is truistic, tautological, circular or wholly unreasonable. Squirreling and time setting are absolutely prohibited.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Truistic, tautological and circular definitions are those that allow the affirmative team to use indisputable truths as evidence, thereby not allowing the negative team to dispute. For example, on the topic "That we should eat and drink and be merry", if an affirmative team defined this topic to mean that we should eat something because otherwise we will die of starvation, we should drink something because otherwise we will die of thirst, and we should be happy because being sad is not a good thing, it leaves the negative team with no grounds to debate on. Wholly unreasonable definitions are those which seek to make the negative’s argument scarce or weak. Squirreling is where there is a reasonably obvious issue to be debated and one team decides to define the debate in a less than obvious way. An example would be, if on the topic "That Elvis is alive and well", the affirmative defined Elvis to be Elvis Martini, an Italian hairdresser known for his sideburn trims. The obvious issue for debate here is of course Elvis Presley. When the debate is set into a particular time, it constitutes time setting. Debates should take place in contemporary society though evidence from the past may certainly be used in argument.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The correct approach to definition is the ‘issue-based’ approach, rather than the ‘individual words’ approach. Many inexperienced debaters will give a careful and detailed definition of each word in the topic, and then string those definitions together into a sentence. It is of course frequently necessary to concentrate on one or more keywords in a topic, but at least as frequently the topic may be defined as a whole by looking at the context. Even with topics in which it may be deemed necessary to consider the nature of an individual keyword, the ultimate objective of definition is to be able to state a clear issue arising out of the examination of the individual words.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">You must not start with any preconceived notion of the meaning of the topic (except to the extent that the average reasonable person shares such a notion). Like all matter, you should not wait to see if the definition is attacked before deciding whether or not it is persuasive. The definition is assessed with its supporting arguments when it is delivered.</p> <h2>Competing definitions</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">When the negative challenges the definition put forth by the affirmative (on the grounds that it is truistic, tautological, circular or wholly unreasonable), there is no rule that says that the proposition’s definition is automatically invalid. It is just that the affirmative faces the difficulty that an average reasonable person would regard such a proposition as being unreasonable and unlikely to be what was in the mind of the person who set the topic. But the onus is on the disagreeing team to show that the unreasonable definition is heavily biased against their case and cannot be argued against. It is not enough to utter protests that would become a copy of self-pity. The issue is to be resolved by argument. The speakers must argue the relative merits of the competing definitions, not merely assert the merits of their own.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The definition issue is not decisive of the outcome, and the team that loses the definition issue will still have its subsequent arguments assessed on their own merits. When there is a significant divergence of definitions, you should expect teams to engage in an 'even-if' argument. That is:</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="">“Our definition is correct and theirs is incorrect for the following reasons. But even if their definition was correct (which it is not), their case does not stand scrutiny even under their own definition.”<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">This should be followed by an attack on the merits of their opponent's case. In this way, a team is likely to score more matter marks, and the sterility of the definition debate is avoided. This issue is important enough for the absence of an 'even-if' to be penalized in method as a strategic error, if the competing definitions are widely divergent.</p> <h2>Rebuttal</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebuttal is any argument that logically tends to the conclusion that the opposing team's arguments should be accorded less weight than is claimed for them. It may consist of:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is based on an error of fact or an erroneous interpretation of fact<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is irrelevant to the proof of the topic<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is illogical<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument, while itself correct, involves unacceptable implications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument, while itself correct, should be accorded little weight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Matter marks should be used to indicate whether or not the rebuttal was persuasive, irrespective of the structure of the rebuttal. On the other hand, whether or not a speaker has structured the rebuttal so as to make it appear that the entire opposing case, or at least the main issues, has been called into question is an issue of method marks. Sometimes, a more global and thematic rebuttal is adopted over a point-by-point rebuttal of the opposition’s arguments. It is a simple case of focusing on the forest as a whole rather than the trees.</p> <h2>Reply speeches</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">You must understand the difference between the third speeches and the reply speeches. The replies are not merely tedious repetitions of the key parts of the third speeches. The third speakers should concentrate on detailed rebuttal and leave the summarizing to the reply speakers. The third negative should be especially cautious not to give anything more than a cursory summary at the end if his or her speech because a detailed summary is about to ensue from the reply. Third speakers who embark on extensive overviews and summaries (especially third negatives) should generally score lower marks in <i style="">matter</i> (for forgoing the opportunity to engage in detailed rebuttal of points) and <i style="">method</i> (for misunderstanding the role of the third speaker).</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The ‘no new matter’ rule applies with a vengeance in reply speeches. To introduce new matter in a reply is a cardinal sin. It misconceives the role of a reply speech, which is a broad overview and not an examination of detail. New matter in a reply speech should be heavily penalized.</p> <h2>Misrepresentations</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Misrepresentations are where one speaker inaccurately sets up an argument in order to attack it. This is a serious offense and should be penalized as it often happens during the third speeches and leaves the opposing team little chance to reply. Misrepresentation occurs when one speaker reiterates an opponent’s argument incorrectly or concentrates disproportionately on weaker aspects of the opposing argument, neglecting important issues. Be cautious when assessing misrepresentation to go through your notes and to rely less on memory. It is therefore essential that the information you record during each speech is comprehensive.</p> <h2>Team slides</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">A team slide is when a team starts off arguing a theme and then widens or narrows that theme under pressure from an opponent or in order to claim the matter being used by the opponents. This is unreasonable. You should pay extra attention during the first few minutes of the first speeches from both sides so that you are able to identify a team slide later in the debate. Team slides should be distinguished from concessions that, if not too substantial, will allow the debate to proceed on the contentious ground. For instance, it would not be an unreasonable concession for a negative team to concede, on the topic, <i style="">That smoking should be banned</i>, that there is a recognized link between smoking and disease. Such a concession would allow the debate to proceed upon the more contentious issues surrounding prohibition.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2>Ties</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">Ties must not be awarded in the tournament. There is no exception to this rule.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823367">Marking Scale</a></h1> </div> <h2>Substantive speeches</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Substantive speeches are marked out of 100<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">the average mark is 75<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">the lowest possible mark is 67 and the highest possible mark is 83<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">most marks will be between 70 and 80<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">matter and manner are marked out of 40, method out of 20<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2>Reply speeches</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Exactly half of the substantive speeches<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">the average mark is 37.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">the lowest possible mark is 33.5 and the highest possible mark is 41.5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">most marks will be between 35 and 40<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">matter and manner are marked out of 20, method out of 10<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Matter and Manner</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Method</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Meaning</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">27<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">13<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: medium 1.5pt medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Very poor<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">28-29<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">14<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt medium medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Below average – Poor<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: 1pt medium medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">30<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: 1pt medium medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">15<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Average<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">31-32<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt medium medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">16<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt medium medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Above average – Very Good<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: 1pt medium 1.5pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">33<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">17<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 241.75pt;" valign="top" width="322"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Excellent<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: 1.5pt medium medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Margin</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 397.75pt;" valign="top" width="530"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Meaning</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid none none solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-width: 1.5pt medium medium 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">1-4<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 397.75pt;" valign="top" width="530"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">A very close debate with only minor differences separating both teams<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-style: solid none solid solid; border-color: windowtext -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: 1pt medium 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">5-9<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid solid none; border-color: windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt medium 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 397.75pt;" valign="top" width="530"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">A relatively clear decision with one team having an obvious advantage<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none none solid solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-width: medium medium 1.5pt 1.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.05pt;" valign="top" width="73"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">10-12<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext; border-width: 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 397.75pt;" valign="top" width="530"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">A very clear win with the losing team probably having failed in one or more fundamental aspects of its argument or presentation<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424823368">Conclusion</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">You </span>should give a clear and firm decision of who has won, the reasons for that decision, and constructive comments to each speaker. A summary of the decisive issues in the debate and how each team dealt with or used these issues to their advantage or disadvantage may be in order here. Constructive comments made to each speaker should be brief and positive, especially to those who have not debated much before. You have around 5-7 minutes to deliver your adjudication and comments.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="">Good luck adjudicating!<o:p></o:p></i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-876475529394951302008-04-01T05:21:00.000-07:002008-04-01T05:23:34.522-07:00GUIDELINES FOR DEBATERS<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.1pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">English Debating Society</span><span style=""> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1032" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;z-index:7;" from="429.8pt,-4.2pt" to="429.8pt,685.1pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 7;"><span style="position: absolute; left: 572px; top: -7px; width: 2px; height: 921px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image001.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1032" height="921" width="2" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="_x0000_s1033" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;flip:x;" from="-10.9pt,-4.2pt" to="429.8pt,-4.2pt" allowincell="f"> <v:stroke dashstyle="1 1" endcap="round"> </v:line><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: relative; z-index: 8;"><span style="position: absolute; left: -16px; top: -7px; width: 590px; height: 2px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image002.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1033" height="2" width="590" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;" allowincell="f" fillcolor="window"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Guest\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\16\clip_image003.png" title="" chromakey="white"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -3; left: 0px; margin-left: 483px; margin-top: 0px; width: 82px; height: 145px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image004.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1031" height="145" width="82" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">Universitas <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 64.3pt; text-align: right;" align="right"><span style="font-size: 24pt; font-family: "Copperplate Gothic Bold";">(EDS UI)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="border-style: double none; border-color: black -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 4.5pt medium; padding: 1pt 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: -2.85pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none ; margin: 210pt 0in; padding: 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;">Guidelines for Debaters<br /></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;">(Australasian Parliamentary)</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">Universitas <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">Depok<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;">1998</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span> <div class="Section2"> <div style="border: 2pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0in; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" align="center"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:231.45pt;" allowincell="f" fillcolor="window"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Guest\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\16\clip_image003.png" title="" chromakey="white" gain="19661f" blacklevel="22938f"> <w:anchorlock/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: -4; left: 0px; margin-left: 308px; margin-top: 234px; width: 242px; height: 421px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image005.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1030" height="421" width="242" /></span><!--[endif]--><b style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps;">Table of Contents<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div> <p class="MsoToc1"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"> </span>TOC \o "1-2" \n 2-2 <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->Introduction<span style="">................................................................................................................ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833207 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200300037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">The Basics of Debating<span style="">.............................................................................................. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833208 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->1<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200300038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Motions<span style="">.......................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833209 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200300039000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Definitions<span style="">.................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833210 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Theme Line<span style="">.................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833211 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Team Split<span style="">...................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833212 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Arguments<span style="">..................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833213 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">What adjudicators look for in a good argument</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Preparing a Reasonable Argument</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Rebuttal<span style="">........................................................................................................................ </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833214 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">Organization of rebuttal</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Roles of the Speakers<span style="">................................................................................................. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833215 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc2">The first speakers establish the fundamentals of their team's cases</p> <p class="MsoToc2">The second speakers deal with the bulk of the substantive argument</p> <p class="MsoToc2">The third speakers main duty is to rebutt the opponent’s case</p> <p class="MsoToc2">Reply speakers give a recap of the debate and a convincing biased adjudication</p> <p class="MsoToc1">Adjudication<span style="">................................................................................................................. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833216 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoToc1">Closing<span style="">.......................................................................................................................... </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span> PAGEREF _Toc424833217 \h <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span><![endif]-->10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003400320034003800330033003200310037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /> </span> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833207">Introduction</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">This</span></b> document is an introduction to Australasian Parliamentary debates, the motions/topics, team structure, etc. It is meant to help institutions and universities who are new to the Parliamentary debating format and are interested in participating in a debating competition using the format, but are still unclear on the rules and regulations. This document is not intended to serve as a definitive guide to the rules of the tournament.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833208">The Basics of Debating</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Debating</span></b> is about developing your communication skills. It is about assembling and organizing effective arguments, persuading and entertaining an audience, and using your voice and gestures to convince an adjudicator that your arguments outweigh your oppositions. Debating is not about personal abuse, irrational attacks or purely emotional appeals.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">A debate is held between two teams of three members each. These two teams will be referred to as the Affirmative and the Negative. Members of each team are assigned positions as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd speakers. For each debate, a <b style="">motion </b>is given. After the motion is given, teams are given thirty (30) minutes to prepare for each debate.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Each of the speakers will deliver a substantial speech of seven (7) minutes duration and either the 1st or the 2nd speaker on both sides will deliver the reply speeches for their teams. Reply speeches will be five (5) minutes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Thus, the complete order of speaking during a debate is as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t88" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="88" adj="1800,10800" path="m,qx10800@0l10800@2qy21600@11,10800@3l10800@1qy,21600e" filled="f"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="val #0"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 #0"> <v:f eqn="sum #1 0 #0"> <v:f eqn="sum #1 #0 0"> <v:f eqn="prod #0 9598 32768"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 @4"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 #1"> <v:f eqn="min #1 @6"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod #0 2 1"> <v:f eqn="sum 21600 0 @9"> <v:f eqn="val #1"> </v:formulas> <v:path arrowok="t" connecttype="custom" connectlocs="0,0;21600,@11;0,21600" textboxrect="0,@4,7637,@5"> <v:handles> <v:h position="center,#0" yrange="0,@8"> <v:h position="bottomRight,#1" yrange="@9,@10"> </v:handles> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t88" style="'position:absolute;" allowincell="f"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 1; left: 0px; margin-left: 224px; margin-top: 1px; width: 12px; height: 117px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image006.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1026" height="117" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">1st Affirmative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">1st Negative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t202" style="'position:absolute;" allowincell="f" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1028'/"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 0px; margin-left: 235px; margin-top: 9px; width: 148px; height: 33px;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;" height="33" width="148"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="position: absolute; left: 0pt; z-index: 3;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div shape="_x0000_s1028" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;" class="shape"> <p class="MsoNormal">Substantial Speeches</p> </div> <!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">2nd Affirmative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">2nd Negative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">3rd Affirmative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t88" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" allowincell="f"><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 14px; width: 12px; height: 50px;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Guest/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/16/clip_image007.gif" shapes="_x0000_s1027" height="50" width="12" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">3rd Negative – 7 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" type="#_x0000_t202" style="'position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;" allowincell="f" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1029'/"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 4; left: 0px; margin-left: 234px; margin-top: 5px; width: 148px; height: 32px;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;" height="32" width="148"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="position: absolute; left: 0pt; z-index: 4;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div shape="_x0000_s1029" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;" class="shape"> <p class="MsoNormal">Reply Speeches</p> </div> <!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Negative Reply – 5 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Affirmative Reply – 5 minutes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">What must both sides do? In general:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Affirmative (also known as “the Government”)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">The Affirmative team must define the motion and support this by giving constructive arguments.<span style=""> </span>The <b style="">right to define</b> first resides with the Affirmative team, who is expected to give a reasonable definition for the motion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Negative (also known as “the Opposition”)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">The Negative team must oppose the motion as defined by the Affirmative, and build a counter-case against the Affirmative.<span style=""> </span>In the event the Negative team feels that the definition is invalid, they may challenge the definition and propose an alternative definition.<span style=""> </span>However, the Negative team <i style="">cannot</i> raise a challenge simply on the basis that their definition is more reasonable.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833209">Motions</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Motions</span></b>, also known as topics, are full propositional statements that determine what a debate shall be about. In the debate, the Affirmative team must argue to defend the propositional statement of the motion, and the Negative team must argue to oppose it.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Here are some examples of motions that can be debated about:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That we should give President Habibie a chance<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> should change its constitution<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That football is overvalued in today’s society<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That cigarette companies should not be held responsible for the bad effects of smoking<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That American pop culture is a threat to civilization<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">That long is better than short</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833210">Definitions</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Before </span></b>a debate ensues, the motion that is given must first be <b style="">defined </b>by the Affirmative team. A definition clarifies the motion. A definition gives a clear description of boundaries to the motion, thereby limiting what the debate will be about into a focused area of discussion. This prevents the debate from turning into a vague and confusing show of unrelated arguments and different interpretations from both teams of what is actually being debated among them.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The definition should take the motion as a whole, defining individual words only if they have a key role. Out of the definition should come a clear understanding of the issues that will be fought over in the debate. If the Affirmative chooses to define the motion on a word-by-word basis, it should define words or phrases by their common usage. Dictionaries may be useful for finding a common meaning or a pithy explanation of a word, but they are not an absolute authority.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">An example of a definition could be as follows: Given the motion “<i style="">that what goes up, must come down</i>”, the Affirmative is presented with many options on how to define the motion, because the nature of the motion itself is quite abstract. One way they could define it is as follows: they could define the object (the ‘what’) as being the president of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">Republic</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on">Indonesia</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>. In essence, the motion would then state that anyone who “goes up” (takes power) as president of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, must undoubtedly one day “come down” (step down from power). This would give us the definition “<i style="">that the Indonesian presidency should be limited to 2 terms</i>”. The Affirmative team could then argue on the detriments of having unlimited presidential terms, citing proof such as the total control of the past regime under Soeharto, etc.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The above example shows that in most situations, the actual issue of the debate is unknown until the Affirmative delivers their definition of the motion. Only then does it become clear.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Always keep in mind that a definition must be reasonable. This is to say that:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">it must be debatable (i.e. have two sides to it), and<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">it must not be a bizarre distortion of the motion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">This is not to say that an Affirmative team may not choose an unusual interpretation of the motion, but they must be prepared to justify it.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The Negative, in general, must accept the definition made by the Affirmative, but the Negative shall have the right of challenging the definition if it does not conform to either of the two requirements set out above. However, a Negative team cannot raise a challenge simply on the basis that their definition seems more reasonable. They can only challenge a definition if they can prove it to be either Truistic, Tautological, Squirreling, or Time and place setting (see below).</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">If a Negative team accepts the definition, they only need to say so, and it is unnecessary to restate it. If they challenge it, their justification for doing so must be clearly stated, and an alternative definition must be put forward. If the definition is accepted, then that definition must stand. The Negative must adjust their case to that definition, and the adjudicator's views on its reasonableness become irrelevant. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">The following definitions are strictly prohibited at the tournament, and should be challenged by the Negative team:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Truistic definitions</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: These are definitions which are ‘true’ by nature and thus make the proposed arguments unarguable and therefore unreasonable in the context of the debate. If a team defines the debate truistically, they seek to win the debate by the truth of their definition rather than by the strength of their arguments and supporting evidence. An example of a truistic definition would be if the motion “<i style="">that we should eat, drink, and be merry</i>” were defined as “that we should eat, because otherwise we would starve to death; drink, because otherwise we would die of thirst; and be merry because we are alive”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Tautological or circular definitions</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: This happens when a definition is given in such a way that it is logically impossible to negate it. An example would be if the motion “<i style="">that technology is killing our work ethic</i>” were defined as follows: the Affirmative team decides to define the term ‘technology’ as meaning “all scientific advancements that make life easier and therefore kills our work ethic”. This would result in the whole definition “that all scientific advancements that make life easier and therefore kills our work ethic is killing our work ethic”. This cannot be logically proven false.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Squirreling</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: Definitions that are not tied down to the spirit of the motion and do not have a proper logical link to the motion will constitute squirreling. For instance, when given the motion “<i style="">that the <st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region> is opening up to the PRC</i>”, an Affirmative team could try and define <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region> as “Untidy Students of Asia”, and PRC as “Pretty Room Cleaners”. This is definitely squirreling, as anyone would agree that the spirit of the motion is about the relationship between the <st1:country-region st="on">United States</st1:country-region> and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Time and Place-setting</span></u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">: The subject matter of the debate cannot be confined to a particular time and place. For instance, trying to limit the subject matter to only the economic development of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> during the specific period of the Meiji restoration.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style="">A note on definitional challenges</b>: be very careful about challenging definitions - only do so if you are absolutely certain that the Affirmative's definition is unfair. It is better to be brave and dump your prepared case in favor of tackling the Affirmative on their own terms than to issue an unjustified definition challenge. By the same token, Affirmative teams should try to ensure that their definition is fair.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833211">Theme Line</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">The </span></b>theme line is the underlying logic of a team’s case. It is the main instrument of argumentation that is used to prove a team’s stand on the motion. A theme line can be viewed as a ‘Case In A Nutshell’, because it concisely explains a team’s strategy in defending or negating the motion.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The theme line of a team must heavily imbue each speech of every team member. It is the main idea that links together the first, second, and third speakers, ensuring consistency among all speeches.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">In formulating a theme line, it is often helpful to ask the question: Why is the propositional statement given by the definition of the motion true (or false, for the Negative team)? Without further explanation, this propositional statement is a mere assertion, or a statement which is logically unproven to be true. The answer to this question must be an argument which proves the assertion given by the motion. This argument is the theme line.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">A theme line should be kept short, and it may take a form of a single sentence, an arrangement of several statements into a logical syllogism, etc. Whatever it is, it must by itself prove the motion (as it is defined) and all arguments brought forward should be based on this theme line.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833212">Team </a><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on"><span style="">Split</span></st1:place></st1:City></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Debating </span></b>is a team activity. One person cannot take all the arguments and become the sole defender of the team's case. Therefore, there is a need to decide on how the arguments should be distributed among speakers. This is called the team split. Simply put, the team split is the distribution of arguments to the first, second, and third speaker.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Be careful, though, that each individual speech by itself must already prove the motion. You should not create what is called a hung case. A hung case is when an individual speech fails to prove the motion by itself, but instead requires coupling it with other speeches to be able to finally prove the motion.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">For a more elaborate exposition on formulating theme lines and team splits, please consult the document entitled “Casebuilding Examples of Australasian Parliamentary Debates”. It contains thorough examples that give a very clear idea on how to construct theme lines and team splits from definitions.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833213">Arguments</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Argumentation </span></b>is the process of explaining why a point of view should be accepted. It concerns the logic and the evidence supporting a particular conclusion. Use evidence (i.e. examples, facts, statistics, quotations of expert/public opinion etc.) to back up each point you make in your argument. Show how each piece of evidence is relevant and how it advances your argument. Make a point, give the reason for that point, and supply evidence to back it up.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Arguments are not assertions. Assertions are statements that have yet to be proven to be logically true. On the other hand, arguments must have supporting logic and facts that can show its validity.</p> <h2>What adjudicators look for in a good argument</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Relevance<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Organization <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Consistency and internal logic - i.e. don't contradict yourself or your teammates <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Clarity (remember, debating is about persuading your audience and adjudicator that you're right - so make sure they can understand what you're saying!) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Effective use of evidence <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2>Preparing a Reasonable Argument</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">One skill of good debating is being able to construct, and to understand, a reasoned argument and – especially important – to recognize a fallacious or fraudulent argument. The question is not whether we like the conclusion that emerges out of a train of reasoning, but whether the conclusion follows from the premises and whether those premises are true.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">When developing your argument, consider the following factors:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Wherever possible offer independent confirmation of the "facts." <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Prepare for substantive debate on the evidence by considering all points of view. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Arguments from authority carry little weight – "authorities" have made mistakes in the past. They will do so again in the future. Perhaps a better way to say it is that there are no authorities; at most, there are experts.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Prepare more than one case. If there's something to be defined, think of all the different ways in which it could be defined. Then think of arguments by which you might systematically rebut each of the cases. What survives, the case that resists rebuttal in this Darwinian selection among "multiple working cases," has a much better chance of being the stronger case than if you had simply run with the first idea that caught your fancy.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Try not to get overly attached to a idea just because it's yours. It's only a waystation in the pursuit of a winning argument. Ask yourself why you like the idea. Compare it fairly with the alternatives. See if you can find reasons for rejecting it. If you don't, others will.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Quantify. If whatever it is you're explaining has some measure, some numerical quantity attached to it, you'll be much better able to defend it against generalized rebuttal. What is vague and qualitative is open to many explanations. Of course there are truths to be sought in the many qualitative issues we are obliged to confront, but finding them is more challenging.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">If there's a chain of argument, every link in the chain must work (including the premise) – not just most of them.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Occam's Razor. This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data equally well to choose the simpler.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Always ask whether the case can be, at least in principle, falsified. Propositions that are unfalsifiable are called "truisms" and are not in the spirit of debating. You run a good chance of losing a debate, especially if the opposition correctly identifies that your arguments cannot be rebutted.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833214">Rebuttal</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps;">Rebuttal</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Garamond; font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">is the process of proving that the opposing team's arguments should be accorded less weight than is claimed for them. It may consist of:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is based on an error of fact or an erroneous interpretation of fact<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is irrelevant to the proof of the topic<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument is illogical<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument, while itself correct, involves unacceptable implications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">showing that the opposing argument, while itself correct, should be accorded little weight<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">As with arguments, assertions do not equal rebuttals. Just as teams must show how and why their own arguments are valid, so they must show how and why the opposition's arguments are invalid.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">An argument may be wrong in fact or logic - if so, say how and why<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">An argument may contradict their team line, or something else a speaker on that team has said – if so, point it out<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">An argument may be true but completely irrelevant – these are often called “red herrings”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h2>Organization of rebuttal</h2> <p class="MsoBodyText">It is not necessary to rebutt every single point and fact raised by the opposition. Single out their main arguments and attack those first. Savage their theme line and show how it falls down – and show why yours is better! You should rebutt by both destroying the opposition's arguments and by establishing a case that directly opposes theirs.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833215">Roles of the Speakers</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">The</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></b>six speakers in an Australasian Parliamentary debate each have different roles to play and adjudicators should take account of how well a speaker fulfills his/her obligations.</p> <h2>The first speakers establish the fundamentals of their team's cases</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">First Affirmative’s duties:</span></u></i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Defines the motion of the debate. The 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative should ensure that no important points of definition are left out.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Presents the Affirmative’s theme line. This is normally presented in one or several lines of analysis, explaining why the Affirmative’s case is logically correct.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Outlines the Affirmative’s team split. This can be done by saying, for example: “<i style="">I, as the first affirmative will deal with the philosophical base of our case, while my colleague, the second affirmative speaker, will examine its practical implications</i>”.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Delivers substantial arguments (“1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative’s part of the split”). After establishing the definition, theme line, and team split, the 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative should then deal with the arguments/points that have been assigned to him/her in the team split.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a brief summary/recap of the speech.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative may spend some time on the definition and on establishing the theme line and showing how it is going to develop, but it is important to leave time to present some substantive arguments.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">First Negative’s duties:</span></u></i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a response to the definition (accepts or challenges the definition).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebutts 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative, delivers a part of the negative's substantive case.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Presents the Negative’s theme line.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Outlines the Negative’s team split.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Delivers substantial arguments (“1<sup>st</sup> Negative’s part of the split”).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a brief summary/recap of the speech.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The 1<sup>st</sup> Negative’s role is similar to the role of the 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative’s, with the added responsibility of responding to the arguments brought up by the latter. The response to the 1<sup>st</sup> Affirmative’s arguments can come before the 1<sup>st</sup> Negative presents his/her own arguments to support the Negative’s case or vice-versa. However, the delivery of rebuttals first is recommended.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">After the first speakers have spoken the main direction of each team’s case should be apparent.</p> <h2>The second speakers deal with the bulk of the substantive argument</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Second Affirmative’s duties:</span></u></i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebutts the 1<sup>st</sup> Negative's major arguments.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Briefly restates/reiterates in general terms the Affirmative’s team case.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Delivers substantial arguments (“2<sup>nd</sup> Affirmative’s part of the split”). Most of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Affirmative's time should be spent dealing with new substantial material/arguments. He or she has the duty to present the bulk of the Affirmative's case in an attempt to further argue in favor of the Affirmative.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a brief summary/recap of the speech.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The 2<sup>nd</sup> Affirmative should be prepared to defend the definition if necessary. If it is attacked, it is vital for the 2<sup>nd</sup> Affirmative to win back the initiative.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Second Negative’s duties:</span></u></i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebuttal of the first two Affirmative speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Briefly restates/reiterates in general terms the Negative’s team case.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Delivers substantial arguments (“2<sup>nd</sup> Negative’s part of the split”).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a brief summary/recap of the speech.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The 2<sup>nd</sup> Negative has duties similar to the one performed by the 2<sup>nd</sup> Affirmative.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Most of the teams' substantive argument should have emerged by the time both second speakers have spoken.</p> <h2>The third speakers main duty is to rebutt the opponent’s case</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Third Affirmative’s duties:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebutt the points raised by the first two Negative speakers. The 3<sup>rd</sup> Affirmative is mainly entrusted with the duty of responding to the arguments of the Negative that were not previously dealt with by the first two Affirmative speakers. 3<sup>rd</sup> Affirmative may also reinforce rebuttals that have already been stated by teammates.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebuild team’s case (briefly reiterate theme line and first two speakers’ arguments).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Summarize the issues of the debate.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The role of the third speakers is simply this: Attack! Most of a third speaker's time must be spent rebutting the preceding speakers. Generally at least three quarters of a third speech should be rebuttal.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Rebuttal should ideally be carried out on two levels: on a global level (<b style="">teamwise</b>), a 3<sup>rd</sup> speaker should attack the opposing team’s whole case, pointing out the major flaws in argumentation and logic. On a more detailed level (<b style="">speechwise</b>), a 3<sup>rd</sup> speaker should be able to point out the mistakes in fact and inconsistency of each individual speech.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Third Negative’s duties:<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebutt the points raised by all three Affirmative speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Rebuild team’s case (briefly reiterate theme line and first two speakers’ arguments).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Identify the points of contention / the clash of the debate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Summarize the issues of the debate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The 3<sup>rd</sup> Negative has duties similar to the ones performed by the 3<sup>rd</sup> Affirmative. However, the 3<sup>rd</sup> Negative cannot introduce new matter, except for new examples to reinforce an argument that has previously been brought up. The logic behind this rule is that if a 3<sup>rd</sup> Negative is allowed to introduce new matter, the Affirmative would be at a disadvantage as they would not have any opportunity to be able to respond to these new arguments.</p> <h2>Reply speakers give a recap of the debate and a convincing biased adjudication</h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Reply speakers duties (both sides):</span></u></i><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a summary or overview of the debate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Identify the issues raised by both sides<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;">Provide a biased adjudication of the debate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Garamond;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Either the first or the second speaker of each side may deliver the reply speech. The Negative team delivers the first reply speech.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">A reply speech is a review of both your own and the opposition's case. It represents a chance for the teams to show their arguments in the best light and to summarize the flaws in the opposition's case. The aim is to emphasize the major points made by your own team and to show how these contributed to a logical progression of argument in support of your theme line. At the same time the flaws in the opposition's argument must be outlined. This can be done point-by-point, or by taking a more global approach to the arguments. Both are effective if well done, so find the summary style that suits you best. However, the latter style is often more effective in light of the limited time frame.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">The introduction of new material is absolutely prohibited and will be penalized. Any point brought up by the other side which had not been rebutted earlier in the substantial speeches may not be rebutted in the reply speeches. Therefore, this means that all substantive arguments presented in the debate must be dealt with by the opposing team in the substantial speeches. </p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833216">Adjudication</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Adjudication</span></b> is the process of determining which team wins the debates. This is conducted by an adjudicator, or a panel consisting of an odd number of adjudicators.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">There is always a winner in a debate. There are no ‘draws’ or ‘ties’. The speakers are assessed on Matter, Manner, and Method. Matter is 40 points, Manner is 40, and Method is 20, making a total of 100 points for each substantial speech. For reply speeches, Matter and Manner are 20 points and Method is 10, making a total of 50 points.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Matter refers to the points, arguments, logic, facts, statistics, and examples brought up during the course of the debate. Manner is concerned with the style of public-speaking – the use of voice, language, eye contact, notes, gesture, stance, humor and personality as a medium for making the audience more receptive to the argument being delivered. There are no set rules which must be followed by debaters. Method consists of the effectiveness of the structure and organization of each individual speech, the effectiveness of the structure and organization of the team case as a whole, and the extent to which the team reacted appropriately to the dynamics of the debate.</p> <div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 1pt 4pt; background: rgb(191, 191, 191) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"> <h1><a name="_Toc424833217">Closing</a></h1> </div> <p class="MsoBodyText"><b style=""><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">This </span></b>document is not intended to be the definitive set of rules that you must adhere to in debating. It serves as a source of information. For further information, please check out the <b style="">Casebuilding Examples of Australasian Parliamentary Debate</b>. It provides more in-depth explanation of cases, and gives examples to give a good idea of how one should construct cases.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText">Finally, it must be said that “<i style="">practice makes perfect</i>”. No one ever masters the art of swimming or riding a bicycle by thoroughly reading guidelines and handbooks. One must take that first plunge, and perhaps even fall down once or twice, before finally becoming skillful. The same applies to debating. These guidelines should be enough to get you started. But practice makes perfect.</p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><i style="">Happy Debating!</i></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7700441712418177152.post-24028458184413158772008-04-01T05:16:00.000-07:002008-08-09T23:42:05.262-07:00Casebuilding Examples<p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="'font-size:">English Debating Society</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="'font-size:">Universitas <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="'font-size:">(EDS UI)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;font-family:Garamond;font-size:24pt;color:black;">Casebuilding</span></b><span style=" ;font-family:Garamond;font-size:24pt;"> <b><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;">Examples<br />(</span></b>Australasian Parliamentary)</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Universitas <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Depok</span></p> <p style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1998</span></p> <p><br /></p> <p><br /></p> <p><span style=" ;font-family:Garamond;font-size:18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><span style=" ;font-family:Garamond;font-size:18pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Introduction</span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">This document tries to quickly explain the important aspects that debaters need to know in order to be able to casebuild for debating in a competition using Australasian Parliamentary format. This document should not be considered as a definitive guide to debating. Please use these </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> to help you understand the idea of competitive debating, not to ruin your own wit and creativity! We will do two </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples.</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Each example will be explained in parallel, coded [A] and [B].</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Motions </span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">After it is decided who is going to be the Affirmative team and who</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">s going to be the Negative, the two teams will then decide to pick one motion out of a choice of three motions. The motions will be in the form of complete propositional statements (not questions or phrases). Let</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">s say, for the sake of our example, the motions selected in example [A] and [B] are:</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">[A] That we should give President Habibie a chance.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">[B] That the world is square. </span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">After the motion is decided, the next thing both teams would do is </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding.</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> There is a period of 30 minutes between the announcement of the motions and the start of the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">debate,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> so considering the time taken to choose the motion, going to your assigned room (in preliminary rounds), etc., both teams will have about 15 to 20 minutes on </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding.</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> During </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding,</span><b><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">each team is unallowed to confer with other people, including their team manager or coach.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Casebuilding</span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Casebuilding</span><b><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">is the process of preparing a case to be debated. What is a case? As in the legal world, a case is an integrated collection of argumentation, logic, facts, </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> and statements that one uses to prove a point. </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Casebuilding</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> includes: </span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">deciding on </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">how to define the motion</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">—</span><span style="font-size:100%;">this is very important! </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">preparing the general strategy</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">/approach </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">to defend the case</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> (theme line) </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">dividing the tasks</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> of proving the motion to each speaker (team split) </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">finding and analyzing the arguments</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">, facts, </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> etc. both for your side</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">s case and for the rebuttal of the other side's case </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">preparing the individual speeches </span></b></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In competition, the time given for preparing a debate is usually only </span><b><span style="font-size:100%;">15 minutes</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> (this includes walking to the rooms, etc.). It is important that debaters are trained to do casebuilding in 15 minutes. Debaters should learn and practice to concentrate on bursting their mental energy in this short period of time.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Because of the short preparation time, time management is a crucial factor in casebuilding. </span><b style=""><u><span style="font-size:100%;">A suggestion on the steps of casebuilding and its time allocation follows</span></u></b><span style="font-size:100%;">:</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Brainstorm individually</span></b> on the motion (1 to 2 minutes).<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> It is important that the debaters start the casebuilding process by brainstorming individually. This way we'll be more comfortable in discussing the issue with our partner. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Discuss</span></b> the brainstorming (2 minutes).<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Go through each persons' brainstorming and discuss the points. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Agree</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> on a definition (5 to 6 minutes). </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Come up with </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">all the arguments</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> (7 to 9 minutes) </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Come up with </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">the team split</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:black;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Prepare individual speech</span></b> (5 minutes).<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Prepare your notes by writing your points on the cue cards. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Do not use this time to write the whole speech</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> (you won't have enough time to do that). </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Do use this time to practice your speech</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> (by speaking), </span><i style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">for example</span></i><span style="font-size:100%;"> practice on how are you going to open your speech, how are you going to deliver the definition and team split (so that it can be clarified within the first minute of the speech), etc. </span></li></ol><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">There is no definitive guideline on how to casebuild. Some teams prefer to brainstorm all ideas that they can think of first, and then try to structure it into a solid case. Unfortunately, brainstorming can easily become time consuming. Another way would be to make the process of </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> itself structured from the very beginning.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Definition</span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Deciding on the definition is a very important part of </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding.</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> To define a motion means giving clear boundaries to what the case will be about. Some motions are even meaningless without a proper definition! </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">You usually can</span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;">t make good definitions by merely defining each word of the motion according to a dictionary (except for some key words or phrases). What is more important is the definition of the motion as a whole</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">How to make a good definition? </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">There are several points to remember in making a definition</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">:</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><ol start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Look at </span><b><span style="font-size:100%;">individual words</span></b></u><span style="font-size:100%;">. When the motion is reasonably clear in direction, it is a good idea to look at individual key words or phrases and make sure that they are well-defined. Even when we think that a word or phrase is clear enough in scope, do think about the possibilities: how likely can the word or phrase be misunderstood? If we ourselves still find these key words to be ambiguous, you can almost be sure that the Opposition will also find them ambiguous. Remember the law: if you think you can be misunderstood, then someone will. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Look at </span><b><span style="font-size:100%;">issues</span></b></u><span style="font-size:100%;">. Think about what does this topic mean in the real world. Find issues in the real world that are strongly related with the motion. Real world issues have two sides: theoretical and empirical/practical. Use your definition as a means to reach these issues.</span></li></ol><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Try defining the motions in the following examples: Some hints are given to help you out, but you should try to define these examples on your own first.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="'font-size:"><span style="font-size:100%;">Example 1: That smoking should be banned.</span></span></h3><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Look at keywords</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">: What is "smoking"? What is "banned"? These may seem trivial, but when we think again, we'll see that "smoking" can, among other things, be interpreted as either "smoking cigarettes" or "smoking marijuana", and these two interpretations will make two different debates.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Look at the issues</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">: This motion can be defined into public health issue (hence, banning smoking completely) or the effect of passive smoking issue (no smoking in public places). Note that with the latter, we might need to further define what constitutes a "public place".</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="'font-size:"><span style="font-size:100%;">Example 2: That high fences make good neighbours.</span></span></h3><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Firstly we have to think what does this proverb mean in the real world. Then, try to find issues which are strongly linked to this idea. For example, "high fences" could be interpreted as "strong national security". This interpretation can then be used to bring the debate into, for example, the issue of the use of nuclear weapons as weapons of deterrance (by the Mutual Assured Destruction [MAD]).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Another possible interpretation of "high fences" could be "strict regulations in trade". The Government may choose to argue about how strict regulations in trade between nations will avoid black markets and other detriments.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="'font-size:"><span style="font-size:100%;">Example 3: That the bride should wear black.</span></span></h3><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">This could be related to the issue of feminism and marriage: that in marriage, the bride has less power (as opposed to when she's unwed).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="'font-size:"><span style="font-size:100%;">Example 4: That there is no case for terrorism.</span></span></h3><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In this example, the definition of "terrorism" is crucial. The Opening Government should define "terrorism" as the word is used by the average reasonable person, instead of loading the definition with attributes which have only negative connotations.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:100%;">A definition should never be self-serving</span></strong><span style="font-size:100%;">, i.e. an Opening Government should not seek to win the debate by providing tricky definitions.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">There is no strict rules about how narrow or how wide a definition should be, so it can either be narrow or broad. Just remember that all teams will have a certain amount of time in presenting arguments, so a definition that is either too narrow or too broad will definitely bring difficulties later on.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">How do we know that a definition (e.g. parameters) is enough? To answer this, try to play the other side. Try to question our own definition's clarity, comprehensiveness, and thoroughness. If we are not satisfied, then most definitely the other side won't be. A good definition is imperative to making good debates. Though definition is important, do remember that definition is only a tool. </span><strong><span style="font-size:100%;">Use definitions to reach an issue</span></strong><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:100%;">Training tip:</span></strong><span style="font-size:100%;"> To train debaters to make good definitions, have them make definitions in a limited amount of time (for example, 5 minutes) and then have them do the first minute of First Speaker of Opening Government speech.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-size:100%;">Rules on definition:</span></strong></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Definition must have clear and logical link to the topic. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Definition must not be time or place set. </span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=" text-align: justify;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Definition must not be truistic (self-proving). </span></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">On time and place setting</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">: This rule is intended to prevent unreasonable time and place setting, i.e. the kind of time and place setting which would require specific knowledge to debate on the motion. However, if there is an issue that has been known worldwide, do not hesitate to set it into that issue. This rule is not intended to prevent debate on issues.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Example of worldwide issue</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">: It would be acceptable to define "That we should trade land for peace." into the issue of </span><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Palestine</span></st1:city><span style="font-size:100%;"> - </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Israel</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;"> conflicts.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">On truism</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">: A truism is something that cannot be debated because no reasonable opposition exists. By making a truistic definition, the Opening Government seeks to win the debate by virtue of their definition, not arguments.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Example of truism</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">: When "That there is no such thing as a human right." is defined as "There is no such thing as a human right, because everywhere around the world there are always human right abuses." Therefore, the onus of proof is placed upon the other side to prove that until </span><em><span style="font-size:100%;">all</span></em><span style="font-size:100%;"> human rights abuses are stopped, there can never be such thing as human rights. This places an unfair burden of proof on the opposition. There will never be a time when all human rights abuses will be stopped, but this does not deny the existence, or the possibility of the existence of human rights. This definition is self serving because it places an entirely unfair burden of proof on the opposition side.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">D</span><span style="font-size:100%;">ebate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The motion is </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that we should give President Habibie a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. You would probably decide to use a trivial definition for </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">President Habibie</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, i.e. </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">the current president of </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Republic</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-size:100%;"> of </span><st1:placename st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia</span></st1:placename></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. Next, the phrase </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to give President Habibie a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> may be defined as </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to let him rule </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;"> until the end of his presidential term, i.e. the year 2003</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. Now, don</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">t forget to define who </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">we</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> are! Here, it can be defined as </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">the Indonesian people, i.e. the citizens of </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Republic</span></st1:placetype><span style="font-size:100%;"> of </span><st1:placename st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia</span></st1:placename></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, or </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">the Government side of the parliament (assuming an Australian form of a parliament)</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. [Please note that this document was written in 1998]</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The definition as a whole would then be </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that the Indonesian people should let President Habibie rule </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Indonesia</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;"> until the end of his presidential term</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. You should consider whether this definition is clear and limited enough in scope. You should also check whether this definition is valid and therefore should be accepted by the Negative team.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Remember that a definition can (and should) be challenged by the Negative team if it is either tautological or truistic, it is considered as squirreling, or it employs time and place setting. For a</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">clearer explanation on these properties, please refer to the </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Guidelines for Debaters</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> document.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Our definition is neither tautological nor truistic. It is highly debatable in nature. It is also closely related to the original motion, so we</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">re not squirreling in any way. There is also no place or time setting here, because the motion itself already implies an Indonesian setting (</span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">President Habibie</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">) and a certain period of time (</span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to give a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The Negative team would build a case based on the negation of the motion. The easiest way to do this is to add </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that it is not true</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> in front of the motion. So in this case we have </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that it is not true that we should give President Habibie a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, or in other words, </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that we should not give President Habibie a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Although during </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding</span><b><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;">the </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Negative team</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> has no idea of what the definition is going to be, they</span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;"> can make a calculated guess about the definition</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. In this case it is probably best for the Negative to simply make their own definition as if they were the Affirmative, since the two definitions would very likely be compatible.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Assuming that we take the trivial definition, the negation of such definition from the negative could be "that we should replace President Habibie as soon as possible". This could then be refined into "that we should let President Habibie rule only during the transitional period, that is, before the general election and the special session of the MPR, approximately until 1999". Your team can then build your case based on that definition.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Be prepared, though, that some teams can make surprising definitions even with the most obvious motions! For example, the affirmative team could have defined </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to give President Habibie a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> as </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to let President Habibie rule until the end of 1998 only</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. In that case, you</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">d have to change your definition of </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">not to give a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> instantly during the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">debate</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> into something else (e.g. </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">to replace immediately</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">). Or, you</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">d probably realize that the Affirmative is actually trying to jump</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">into your side of the case, and decide to challenge the Affirmative</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">s definition due to squirreling: how can you logically think of "letting Habibie rule until 1998 only" as the same as </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">giving him a chance</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">? Beware, though, that launching the definitional challenge</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">would result in two</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">identical cases brought by the two different sides! Does all this sound complicated? Don</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">t worry, you</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;">ll get used to it quickly.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The motion is "that the world is square". There is no way you can define this trivially; common knowledge dictates that the statement is false if taken literally! This type of metaphorical motions (usually found in humor rounds) can be defined into many different cases (as long as they're debatable: no tautology/truism, no squirreling, no time/place setting). Here is one example that may seem a bit far-fetched at first.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">We define the world as life in general, and since life has so many aspects, we are going to pick two interrelated aspects of life: religion and marriage institution. A square is a geometrical shape having four straight lines and four corners, which to us resembles and reflects rigidity. The same rigidity applies to religion: religion is a set of dogmatic values based on a belief in the existence of One Supreme God (hence refining the definition of religion into monotheistic religion). Religion has strict rules that must be adhered to by its believers, and its believers take it as a way of life. We are going to propose a definition of "that a person should not marry another person who has a different religion". This is directly connected with the rigidity of religions as mentioned above.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Let's examine this sample definition. It is pretty much debatable, no truism nor tautology is involved. There is no time/place setting (we define religion into monotheistic religion, but that is allowed since it is not place setting). Are we squirreling? Well, not if we can explain carefully the steps taken into arriving to our definition and make sure that there is no missing logical link between the original motion and our definition.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Note also the careful wording of "should not marry". We are not saying whether inter-religious marriages should be allowed or not. Saying that something should not be done is not the same as prohibiting that something by means of law. So the Affirmative here does not really take the role of a government, but just a group of average persons saying that people should not perform inter-religious marriages.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Although the definition from the Affirmative is harder to guess in this case, it would be better for the Negative team to insist on </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">instead of waiting for the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">debate</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> to begin and then build their team's case on the spot. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Firstly</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, there is always this possibility that the Affirmative violates the rules about definition, so the </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Negative should prepare one definition to be brought forward in case the definition can (or must) be challenged</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Secondly</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, you can always try to look into the spirit of the motion and then negate that, or in other words, </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">try to negate the motion in a philosophical level</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Thirdly</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, you can also </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">try to enumerate several possibilities of what the affirmative's definition would be and how to negate it</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> (e.g. by brainstorming).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Once again, as an example, we will add </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that it is not true</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> in front of the motion, giving us the statement </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that it is not true that the world is square</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">, or in other words, </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that the world is not square</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. Looking up the word </span><span style="font-size:100%;">‘</span><span style="font-size:100%;">square</span><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> in the dictionary, we find a slang meaning </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">old-fashioned, unsophisticated</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">. We could thendtefine the motion to be about how teenagers today are dictated by fashion and trend, resulting in the so-called </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">Generation X</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> culture.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">A question may arise in your mind: what happens if the Negative team builds this </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">Generation X</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> case, and then goes up against an Affirmative team that has defined the motion as </span><span style="font-size:100%;">“</span><span style="font-size:100%;">that a person should not marry another person who has a different religion</span><span style="font-size:100%;">”</span><span style="font-size:100%;">? The answer is that the Negative team will probably have to dump the case that they have carefully built for 30 minutes and quickly try to formulate a new strategy and build a new counter-case after hearing the definition!</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Theme Line and Arguments</span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">A theme line is, simply put, the core argument of your case based on the motion as it is defined. It is the main idea that links together all speeches from the first, second, and third speakers. A theme line will ensure that all speeches will be consistent in proving the case.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">A theme line is basically an abstract idea, and different teams might have different ways to convey it. A theme line should be kept short and simple, and it may take a form of one single sentence, an arrangement of several statements into a logical syllogism, etc. Whatever it is, it must by itself prove the motion (as it is defined) and all arguments brought forward would be based on this theme line.</span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Here are theme lines that might appear in our </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples</span></span></b><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Please remember that these are only </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples!</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> We leave the actual arguments, facts, data, etc. as your exercise.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 1</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Indonesian people should prioritize handling the economic situation above all else.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 2</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : The economic situation can only be handled by a strong and stable government with a strong and stable leader; these criteria can only be fulfilled if we let the current president serve the presidential term fully.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Indonesian people should let President Habibie rule until the end of his presidential term.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 1 seems pretty obvious and should be fairly easy to prove, but Premise 2 definitely needs a lot of arguments to support it. You might find it easier if Premise 2 is further broken up into smaller statements. In fact, if this particular theme line is to be formulated as a single sentence, we'd choose Premise 2 on its own (assuming that Premise 1 is a generally acceptable assumption).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 1</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Indonesian people need a government that is free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 2 </span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">: For a government to be clean and free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism, its leader, the president, should also be free from corruption, collusion and nepotism.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Pre-Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Indonesian people need a president that is free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 3</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : President Habibie is not free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Indonesian people need a president other than President Habibie.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 1 may not need too many arguments to prove, since it can be considered as something that everyone agrees to. However, you should prepare something to say about this in case the Negative brought up the</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">question of why should we have a government that is free from corruption, collusion, and nepotism in the first place. Premise 2 may need some theories of political</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">science or historical</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">data to support it. The two premises prove the pre-conclusion. Premise 3 requires that your team provide evidence to your accusations. If all three premises are proven, then by logical syllogism the Conclusion is also proven, and this Conclusion is simply another way of saying that President Habibie should be replaced as soon as possible.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">If this theme line is to be written in a form of a single sentence, try Premise 3 alone.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 1</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Religion is a set of dogmatic and fundamental values and rules that guide and direct people in living their lives; different religions have different rules about how one should live their lives.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 2</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : Marriage is a bonding of two individuals in holy matrimony; it is the closest form of juxtaposition possible between two persons, and any fundamental differences between them would be very likely to disturb a marriage.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Premise 3</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : If a person marries another person with a different religion, there will be a fundamental difference between the two individuals that may be hazardous to the harmony of the marriage.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">Conclusion </span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">: A person should not marry another person with a different religion.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">If this theme line is to be written in a form of a single sentence, try Premise 3 alone.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">We leave this one as your exercise.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></o:p></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Team </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on"><span style="font-size:100%;">Split</span></st1:city></st1:place><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debating is a team activity. One person cannot take all the arguments and become the sole defender of the team's case. Therefore, there is a need to decide on the team split. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">The team split is</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">,</span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;"> simply put, the division (distribution) of arguments to the first, second, and probably, in the case of Affirmative, third speaker</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Be careful, though, that each individual speech by itself must already prove the motion. So, if you had been making theme lines using the syllogism strategy, you </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">don't turn the theme line directly into a team split</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, i.e. by assigning Premise 1 to the first speaker and Premise 2 to the second speaker. Doing so would result in what is called a </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">hung case</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. A hung case is when an individual speech fails to prove the motion by itself, but instead requires coupling it with other speeches to be able to finally prove the motion. Adjudicators would give a low score on Method to teams with a hung case, because hung cases make it hard for the other side to rebutt your arguments.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">A common way of splitting tasks is to divide them into several aspects</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> (e.q. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">economic, social, political, cultural</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, etc.) and then </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">give each speaker one or two aspects</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">. Other divisions could be </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">past to present</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">philosophical to practical</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">benefit of doing to detriments of not doing</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">, etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Because the first speaker has to explain the definition, theme line, and team split (and rebutt the first Affirmative's speech if Negative) before launching into his/her part of the split, usually the split between the first and second speakers are not balanced but weighs more heavily to the second speaker, </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">In making team splits, consider the time available for the speaker to develop the arguments. For example, a first speaker's split is usually smaller than that of the second speaker's, because the first speaker will also need time to present the outline of the case.. Indeed, the second speaker is often said to have to provide the </span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;">‘</span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;">meat</span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;">’</span></u><u><span style="font-size:100%;"> of the team's case, i.e. the strongest and most important arguments from the team</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">. Also, it often happens that the first speaker (especially that of the Affirmative) has to deliver some introductory information to the issue of the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">debate (</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;">such as historical background, significance of discussing the issue, etc.).</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The format of Australasian Parliamentary prohibits the third speaker of the Negative team from giving new matter (new </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> especially in rebuttal, are allowed). The third speaker from the Affirmative is also discouraged from giving new matter. Besides, the third speakers mainly have to rebutt the other side's case. The third speakers may give new </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> though, and indeed usually third speakers are not included in the team split.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Here are sample team splits from our example cases. Again, these are only </span><span style="background: rgb(153, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">examples,</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> and they are by no means perfect!</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">First Speaker</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">the benefit of</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> keeping President Habibie in place until the end of his term: maintaining stability whilst keeping the opportunity of peaceful reformations, etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Second Speaker</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">the detriments of</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;"> insisting on replacing President Habibie before the end of his presidential term: political instability à civil war; worsen economic condition à starvation, etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">A]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">We leave this one as your exercise.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Affirmative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">First Speaker</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">ideological aspect</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">: the constraints from each religion itself (not allowing believers to marry people with different religion), etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Second Speaker</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;"> : </span><b style=""><span style="font-size:100%;">social aspect</span></b><span style="font-size:100%;">: difficulties in child education, inability to perform religious rituals together, pressure from family and society, etc.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Debate [</span><span style="font-size:100%;">B]: Negative</span></h2><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">We leave this one as your exercise.</span></p><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Just </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">before the time allocated for </span><span style="background: rgb(160, 255, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">casebuilding</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> ends, try reiterating the main points of your case</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">. </span><u><span style="font-size:100%;">Make sure that every team member thoroughly understands the definition, theme line, and team split</span></u><span style="font-size:100%;">. This can be done, for example, by each member starting from the first speaker briefly enumerate the points that their speech will contain.</span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Then, take your position, take a deep breath, relax and enjoy the </span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;color:black;"><span style="font-size:100%;">debate.</span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1